“Quoting page 60: In the 1960s, racism was chiefly understood to mean discrimination by whites against African-Americans. But in the immigration debate of the Progressive Era, the nation’s most prominent black leaders—most notably the Republican conservative, Booker T. Washington, and the socialist intellectual, W.E.B. DuBois—supported the restrictionists. Washington, in his famous Atlanta address at the Cotton States Exposition in 1895, pleaded with industrial leaders to employ loyal, hardworking freedmen, rather than import millions of European immigrants to take the industrial jobs that otherwise might have freed native-born African-Americans from segregated misery in the rural South.” ImmigrationDiscriminationEthnic ConflictBlacks And Immigration Book:Collision Course: The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy in America Source: Collision Course: The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy in America