“Two examples illustrate the redundancy principle. First, when a virtual machine fails in a cloud-based system, an identical instance is started automatically. Second, a critically important system should have at least one secondary backup system that runs in parallel with the primary system to ensure a safe fallback. Leading up to the next principle, we note that the secondary system should differ from the primary system to avoid both failing for the same reasons.” ComplexitySoftwareSystems ThinkingAntifragileIct Book:Anti-fragile ICT Systems Source: Anti-fragile ICT Systems