“The Talmud derives its authority from the position held by the ancient (Pharisee) academies. The teachers of those academies, both of Babylonia and of Palestine, were considered the rightful successors of the older Sanhedrin...At the present time, the Jewish people have no living central authority comparable in status to the ancient Sanhedrins or the later academies. Therefore, any decision regarding the Jewish religion must be based on the Talmud as the final resume of the teaching of those authorities when they existed.” PeopleDecisionTeacherTeachingPositionAuthorityFinalsAncientJewPalestineAcademyResumesSuccessorsPresent TimePhariseesJewish Religion Author:Louis Finkelstein
“Pharisaism became Talmudism...But the spirit of the Ancient Pharisee survives unaltered. When the Jew...studies the Talmud, he is actually repeating the arguments used in the Palestinian academies. From Palestine to Babylonia; from Babylonia to North Africa, Italy, Spain, France and Germany; from these to Poland, Russia and eastern Europe generally, ancient Pharisaism has wandered.” UsedSpiritStudyEuropeArgumentAncientJewRussiaFranceGermanyPalestinianEasternPalestineSpainAcademyPolandEastern EuropePhariseesNorth AfricaPharisaism Author:Louis Finkelstein