“By the fourth millennium BC, the Fertile Crescent was not the only region of coalesced communities; organized agricultural, military, religious, and administrative activity had also begun to appear in the Indus Valley, in what is now Pakistan. Even before written records, there is evidence of trade between these two regions. Archaeologists have discovered lamps and cups in Mesopotamia dating from the late fourth millennium BC and made from conch shells found only in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Oman.” MesopotamiaIndus ValleyFertile Crescent Book:A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World Source: A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World