“Prior to the advent of military staffs, armies and navies made military decisions via councils of war, in which the commander would assemble his major subordinates, solicit and pitch courses of action, and seek a consensus on which one to pursue. Napoleon eschewed such meetings once he had enough rank to forego them, calling them "a cowardly proceeding" intended more to shift blame than to determine an effective plan.” StrategyCowardiceTacticsNapoleonOperational ArtMilitary StaffMilitary CouncilsMilitary Planning Book:On Operations: Operational Art and Military Disciplines Source: On Operations: Operational Art and Military Disciplines