“Influential scholars since the mid-twentieth century have argued that the essential character of Ottoman modernity was reactive, imitative, defensive, and ultimately defective relative to the presumably more successful modernization projects of Germany, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and America, where while exemplifying and eventually monopolizing claims to modernity, also brought two world wars, the Holocaust, the nuclear immolation of Japanese cities, and the Cold War, among other worldwide cataclysms.” WarCapitalismMiddle EastCold WarHegemonyModernizationOttoman Empire Book:The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East Source: The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East