“AT&T developed cross-country systems of microwave relay towers, which marched across the countryside from coast to coast and border to border, every 20 to 30 miles. The function of the relay tower was to receive the microwave signal, amplify it, and send it on its way to the next tower. To transmit microwaves across the Atlantic Ocean, however, it was necessary to establish a single relay tower at least 400 miles high, or station ships every 30 miles, all the way across the ocean. Before the space age arrived, the 400-mile-high tower seemed to be as unlikely a prospect as the spectacle of 100 communications-relay ships strung out across the ocean. That possibility that a very high tower could be established by launching an orbital satellite was suggested first by the British science writer Arthur C. Clarke in an article, '*Extra-Terrestrial Relays," in Wireless World m October 1945. Nine years later, JohnR. Pierce, who directed communications research for the Bell Telephone Laboratories, described a practical communications-satellite system to the Princeton section of the Institute for Radio Engineers” ArthurSatelliteClarke Book:Appointment on the Moon, Revised Edition Source: Appointment on the Moon, Revised Edition