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Quote by Ryan Emanuel

“Meanwhile, hemlocks kept their footings in the deep, shady wrinkles of lower mountain slopes— coves shaped by intimate creeks and gorges carved by thundering rivers. Even east of the mountains, hemlocks survived on steep, north- facing slopes. In all of these places, microclimates continued to mimic conditions experienced in the region during the ice age. These isolated pockets are the last vestiges of a forest that once covered much of the Southeast. They are refugia.”

Quote by Ryan Emanuel

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On the Swamp: Fighting for Indigenous Environmental Justice

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Ryan Emanuel

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“Paleoecology teaches that refugia are not only physical places, but they also represent bottlenecks along a timeline. Large populations of trees, insects, birds, and more shrink down to tiny remnants during times of adversity, but when glaciers retreat and weather warms, populations rebound. If conditions permit, populations spring from their refugia into their former ranges or, perhaps, into new places with favorable soils and climate. Sometimes I imagine that Lumbee ancestors who sought refuge in the remotest parts of their lands were biding their time, waiting to spring forth into a radically transformed world.”

“Not only this- the mirror test also presupposes that the tested animals care about their appearance in one way or another, for something like this is necessary for them to have the motivation to interact with the mark that has been placed on them. However, it’s not immediately clear that other animals are vain enough to care about their own looks.”

“In the seventeenth century it was fashionable to regard the universe as a gigantic machine that had been set in motion by God. Even today, many people like to believe in God’s role as a Prime Mover or First Cause in a cosmic chain of causation. But what does it mean for a God who is outside of time to cause anything? Because of this difficulty, believers in a timeless God prefer to emphasize his role in upholding and sustaining the creation at every moment of its existence. No distinction is drawn between creation and preservation: both are, to God’s timeless eyes, one and the same action.”