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Quote by Howard Georgi & S. L. Glashow

“We present a series of hypotheses and speculations, leading inescapably to the conclusion that SU(5) is the gauge group of the world — that all elementary particle forces (strong, weak, and electromagnetic) are different manifestations of the same fundamental interaction involving a single coupling strength, the fine-structure constant. Our hypotheses may be wrong and our speculations idle, but the uniqueness and simplicity of our scheme are reasons enough that it be taken seriously.”

Quote by Howard Georgi & S. L. Glashow

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Howard Georgi & S. L. Glashow

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“True, the Standard Model does explain a very great deal. Nevertheless it is not yet a proper theory, principally because it does not satisfy the physicists naive faith in elegance and simplicity. It involves some 17 allegedly fundamental particles and the same number of arbitrary and tunable parameters, such as the fine-structure constants, the muon-electron mass ratio and the various mysterious mixing angles.”

TheoryPhysicsHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantFundamental Constants
Book:The Charm of Physics: Collected Essays of Sheldon Glashow
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“To calculate 'the' fine structure constant, 1/137, we would need a realistic model of just about everything, and this we do not have. In this talk I want to return to the old question of what it is that determines gauge couplings in general, and try to prepare the ground for a future realistic calculation.”

MathematicsPhysicsHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantTheory Of Everything
Book:Shelter Island II: Proceedings of the 1983 Shelter Island Conference on Quantum Field Theory and the Fundamental Problems of Physics
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“In short, the idea dawns that the one universal principle which possibly ... between force and structure, the embodiment of the Principle of Least Action and the (unknown) force, which in mathematics is known as the attractor which pulls ... in the direction of the most optimal and relatively stable self-organized criticality, could very well be the Golden Ratio dynamic. the universal principle which as the balance between finiteness and infinity, stability and flexibility underlies self-similar fractal forms emerging at the 'edge of chaos' indeed seems to be the Golden Ratio Spiral.”

MathematicsPhysicsHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantChaos TheoryGolden RatioHistory Of Mathematics
Book:Whole Elephant Revealed: Insights into the Existence and Operation of Universal Laws and the Golden Ratio
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“Dirac's equation not only accounted for the spin of the electron and its observed magnetic moment, but also correctly explained the fine structure of the hydrogen atom. If the derivation of the Sommerfeld-like formula for the spectrum of the hydrogen atom was one of the striking successes of the Dirac equation, some of its other features were very troublesome.”

PhysicsQuantum PhysicsHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantDiracSommerfeld
Book:QED and the Men Who Made It
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“It is shown that the golden ratio plays a prominent role in the dimensions of all objects which exhibit five-fold symmetry. It is also showed that among the irrational numbers, the golden ratio is the most irrational and, as a result, has unique applications in number theory, search algorithms, the minimization of functions, network theory, the atomic structure of certain materials and the growth of biological organisms.”

MathematicsBiologySymmetryFine Structure ConstantGolden RatioGolden MeanNumber TheoryFibonacci Sequence
Book:GOLDEN RATIO AND FIBONACCI NUMBERS, THE
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“The bridge between the electron and the other elementary particles is provided by the fine structure constant. ... An expanded form of the constant leads to equations that define the transformation of electromagnetic energy into electron mass/energy, ...”

PhysicsHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantElectromagnetismHistory Of PhysicsElectron
Book:The Enigmatic Electron: A Doorway to Particle Masses
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“The prime number 137 had continuously occupied Pauli's mind. It is an approximate value for a constant appearing in the fine structure theory of atomic spectra which in its theoretical expression ties together electromagnetism, relativity and quantum theory. Pauli saw the fine structure theory of spectra as a key in understanding the deepest contemporary problems of theoretical physics. For that reason the number 137 possessed a mysterious attraction for him.”

PhysicsAtomsHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantWolfgang Pauli
Book:Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli
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“In his first philosophical lecture on modern physics that Pauli gave in November 1934 to the Zurich Philosophical Society he said that only a formulation of quantum theory would be satisfactory which expresses the relation between the value of [the fine structure constant] and charge conservation in the same complementary was as that between the space-time description and energy-momentum conservation.”

PhysicsQuantum TheoryHistory Of ScienceFine Structure ConstantWolfgang PauliCharge Conservation
Book:No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli
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“If QED [quantum electrodynamics] is merely a phenomenology, how can one account for its remarkable quantitative success? The answer is intimately related to one of its most characteristic features, renormalizability. Because of this, short distance, high energy effects in QED can be absorbed into a finite number of measurable masses and charges. For the first time in the history of physics, there exists a theory which has no obvious intrinsic limitation and enables us in principle to calculate physical phenomena to any accuracy we need in terms of a few measurable parameters such as the elementary electric charge e [fine structure constant] and the electron mass m. Thus the detailed high energy structure of the ultimate theory is irrelevant to the analysis of low energy phenomena except insofar as it determines these parameters. [Quantum Electrodynamics]”

Quantum PhysicsFine Structure ConstantHistory Of Physics
Author:Toichiro Kinoshita
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