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Logic: An Introduction to Elementary Logic

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Wilfrid Hodges

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“Life is such unutterable hell, solely because it is sometimes beautiful. If we could only be miserable all the time, if there could be no such things as love or beauty or faith or hope, if I could be absolutely certain that my love would never be returned: how much more simple life would be. One could plod through the Siberian salt mines of existence without being bothered about happiness. Unfortunately the happiness is there. There is always the chance (about eight hundred and fifty to one) that another heart will come to mine. I can't help hoping, and keeping faith, and loving beauty. Quite frequently I am not so miserable as it would be wise to be.”

“If adding two numbers produced a random result each time, we could never rely on math. Fortunately there are definite answers with no variation. Similarly, there is nothing random about the study of science. If each iteration of an experiment yielded a different result from the same variables, we would not be able to conclude anything with certainty. The scientific method is not compatible with randomness. If the universe were truly random, the study of science itself would not be possible. The laws of nature stand in direct opposition to the notion that all is born of chance.”

“While I was at University, and afterward, I behaved in what seemed to me to be a logical manner. But now I realize that what I did was do things irrationally, and then after I would arrange the events in my mind so they seemed to follow some sort of reasonable path. That is not logic -- it is wishful thinking, and involves rewriting one's own history as one goes along. Life is not logical -- it just goes along happening, and the best anyone can do is try to deal with the present as well as they can.”

“Contrary to the standard caricature of philosophers as inveterate skeptics who have no truck with religion, among philosophers the view that the existence of God can be rationally demonstrated “enjoyed wide currency, if not hegemony . . . from classical antiquity until well after the dawn of modernity” (to quote the philosopher David Conway, writing in a book that had a major influence on Flew’s conversion to philosophical theism); and the suggestion that human reason can be accounted for in purely materialistic terms has, historically speaking, been regarded by most philosophers as a logical absurdity, a demonstrable falsehood.”

“The possibility of the existence of such a thing as "science" rests on a variety of presuppositions that neither can themselves be subjected to a "scientific" examination, nor do they provide any rational basis for giving said "science" the authority of the last word not only on general questions of human existence, but even in the specialized field of each particular scientific area. Just to give an basic example, without the words "yes" and "no", logical reasoning is not possible. No science can tell us what they mean. All formal logic is based on these two words, and formal logic itself cannot define them.”

“Well, Humpty Dumpty is one of the keenest arguers I know... he almost had me convinced that I had no valid reason to be sure that I was awake... It took me about three hours, but I finally convinced him that I must be awake, and so he conceded that I had won the argument. And then--." The King did not finish his sentence and stood lost in thought. "And then what?" asked Alice. "And then I woke up!" said the King, a bit sheepishly.”