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“The bigger the picture, the more unique the potential human contribution. Our greatest strength is the exact opposite of narrow specialization. It is the ability to integrate broadly. According to Gary Marcus, a psychology and neuroscience professor, who sold his machine learning company to Uber, "In narrow enough worlds, humans may not have much to contribute much longer.”

RangeAiBig PictureMachine LearningSpecialistGeneralist
Book:Range: How Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World / Messy / The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
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“Os que mudam são vencedores. Parece ser uma contradição total com as citações respeitáveis sobre desistir e com conceitos de psicologia moderna muito mais recentes. (…) As nossas preferências de trabalho e as nossas preferências de vida não permanecem as mesmas, porque nós não permanecemos iguais.”

VidaPsicologiaTrabalhoMudançaDavid EpsteinVersátil
Book:Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
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“One of the issues with our field is when we've looked at activity, and what controls activity, we've forgotten that we know very clearly there are biological mechanisms that actually influence people to be active or not" Lightfoot says. "You can have a predisposition to be a couch potato”

GeneticsCouch Potato
Book:The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance
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“ng through difficulty is a competitive advantage for any traveler of a long road, but he suggested that knowing when to quit is such a big strategic advantage that every single person, before undertaking an endeavor, should enumerate conditions under which they should quit. The important trick, he said, is staying attuned to whether switching is simply a failure of perseverance, or astute recognition that better matches are available.”

QuittingGritPeak Performance
Author:David Epstein
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“an official with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission learned I was writing about specialization and contacted me to make sure I knew that specialization had played a critical role in the 2008 global financial crisis. “Insurance regulators regulated insurance, bank regulators regulated banks, securities regulators regulated securities, and consumer regulators regulated consumers,” the official told me. “But the provision of credit goes across all those markets. So we specialized products, we specialized regulation, and the question is, ‘Who looks across those markets?’ The specialized approach to regulation missed systemic issues.”

RegulationFinancial CrisisSpecialization
Book:Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
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“Os músicos alcançam a grandeza através de uma incrível diversidade de percursos, mas a hiperespecialização precoce nem sempre é necessária para desenvolver competências e é rara nas formas de maior improviso – embora, como no desporto, muitos adultos tenham um interesse financeiro em fazer com que isso pareça essencial.”

MúsicaDavid EpsteinVersátilDesportoHiperespecialização
Book:Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
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“A abrangência dos ensinamentos antecipa a abrangência do conhecimento. Ou seja, quantos mais são os contextos em que alguma coisa é aprendida, mais aquele que aprende cria modelos abstratos e menos depende de um qualquer exemplo particular. Os que aprendem tornam-se melhores a aplicar o seu conhecimento a uma situação que nunca viram antes, o que é precisamente a essência da criatividade.”

ConhecimentoCriatividadeAprendizagemDavid EpsteinVersátil
Book:Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
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“In the most devilishly wicked learning environments, experience will reinforce the exact wrong lessons. Hogarth noted a famous New York City physician renowned for his skill as a diagnostician. The man’s particular specialty was typhoid fever, and he examined patients for it by feeling around their tongues with his hands. Again and again, his testing yielded a positive diagnosis before the patient displayed a single symptom. And over and over, his diagnosis turned out to be correct. As another physician later pointed out, “He was a more productive carrier, using only his hands, than Typhoid Mary.” Repetitive success, it turned out, taught him the worst possible lesson.”

Learning Environments
Book:Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
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