Pope Adrian IV (c. 1100 – September 1, 1159), born Nicholas Breakspear, was the only English pope in history, serving from 1154 to 1159. He was born in Hertfordshire, England, studied in France, and became an abbot. Elected pope in 1154, he worked to strengthen papal authority, managed relations with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, and granted King Henry II of England dominion over Ireland. His short papacy is notable for his English origin and diplomatic efforts.