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Quote by Gordon S. Wood

“[John Adams] experience with the French philosophers only convinced him further of the need for a bicameral legislature representing the two principal social orders and, equally important, an independent executive.”

Quote by Gordon S. Wood

Author

Gordon S. Wood is an American historian renowned for his extensive research on the American Revolution. His book 'The Creation of the American Republic' won the Pulitzer Prize for History. more

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“Perhaps more significant than his experience in Europe, though, was [John] Adams's experience in his own country, and his extensive reading on the history of the English constitution. In 1779, he had an opportunity to try out his ideas by framing the Massachusetts constitution.”

Trying Ideas Country Reading Opportunity Europe Constitution Significant Massachusetts Framing Extensive Reading

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“The Massachusetts constitution was written much later than the other revolutionary state constitutions, and thus it avoids some of the earlier mistakes. The executive is stronger, with a limited veto; the senate is more formidable; and the judiciary is independent.”

States Mistake Written Constitution Stronger Independent Revolutionary Executives Senate Formidable Judiciary Massachusetts Veto

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“[The Massachusetts constitution] resembles the federal Constitution of 1787 more closely than any of the other revolutionary state constitutions. It was also drawn up by a special convention, and it provided for popular ratification - practices that were followed by the drafters of the federal Constitution of 1787 and subsequent state constitution-makers.”

States Practice Special Constitution Revolutionary Makers Conventions Massachusetts

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“[John] Adams's letters reveal his persistence and determination to win over the Dutch against all odds and to convince them and the other peoples of Europe of the potential greatness of the United States and of the importance of the Revolution to the world.”

World States Winning United United States Greatness Revolution Europe Determination Letters Importance Persistence Convince Odds Dutch Against All Odds

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“Americans, [John Adams] wrote in 1780, believed that their "revolution is as much for the benefit of the generality of Mankind in Europe, as for their own."”

Mankind Revolution Benefits Europe Generalities

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“[John] Adams said his objective in writing his Defence of the Constitutions of the United States and his Davila essays was to counter what he thought was the unfair criticism of the American state constitutions made by the French philosophers, especially [Anne Robert Jacques] Turgot.”

Writing Made Said States United United States Criticism Constitution Philosopher Objectives Unfair Essays Defence Constitution Of The United States French Philosopher

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“[John Adams' writings] had indicted the United States for slavishly copying the English constitution by erecting bicameral legislatures in their state constitutions, most drafted in 1776.”

Writing States United United States Constitution Legislature Copying

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“Creating senates, the French critics said, implied that there was another social order besides the people represented in the houses of representatives. [John] Adams actually agreed with that implication and argued that the aristocracy and the people had to have separate houses; this was the only way the power of the aristocracy could be contained.”

People Way Said Order House Social Creating Critics Senate Representatives Implications Aristocracy Social Order Implied House Of Representatives

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“[John] Adams was arguing that a separate social order existed that needed to be embodied in senates and his fellow Americans could not accept this and accused him rightly of being obsessed with the English constitution.”

Order Social Accepting Needed Constitution Fellows Arguing Obsessed Senate Accused Social Order

Author:Gordon S. Wood

“[John] Adams identified himself with the political theories of [James] Harrington, [John] Locke, and [Charles-Louis] Montesquieu, whose ideas of constitutionalism, he believed, were applicable to all peoples everywhere; they were his contribution to what he called "the divine science of politics."”

Ideas Political Divine Theory Contribution Political Theory Montesquieu Constitutionalism

Author:Gordon S. Wood