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Quote by Patricia Fara

“Quetelet had introduced a radically new way of thinking about human beings. As one of his admirers put it, 'Man is seen to be an enigma only as an individual, in mass, he is a mathematical problem.' Quetelet's successors took his ideas in many different directions. For one thing, his work was valuable politically because it could be interpreted in different ways. While conservatives insisted that little could be done to alter the current system, radicals accused governments of impeding the natural course of progress, and Utopians--such as Karl Marx--envisaged harmonious societies governed by nature's own laws guaranteeing improvement. Data collection projects proliferated, and statisticians searched for laws governing every aspect of life, ranging from the weather to the growth of civilization, from stock market fluctuations to the incidence of disease. Many scientists took their ideas from Quetelet rather than from abstract textbooks--but they added their own twist. Whereas Quetelet regarded individual deviations from the norm as errors to be eliminated, scientists set out to study how variations occur.”

Quote by Patricia Fara

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Science: A Four Thousand Year History

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Patricia Fara

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“For most of the twentieth century, scientists were allied with whalers; much of their research was done either on the flensing deck or on the occasional stranded whale. Taxes levied on whale oil from the lucrative British Antarctic Territory financed extensive research in the Southern Ocean, including the natural history voyages of the RRS Discovery, the explorer Robert Falcon Scott’s Antarctic vessel. Until the 1970s the expressed intent of this research was to gather biological knowledge to help the hunt. In some cases, the studies were intended to increase efficiency.”

“And not surprisingly, for if science is about studying the world as it actually is—rather than as we wish it to be—then science will always have the potential to unsettle the status quo. As an independent source of authority and knowledge, science has always had the capacity to challenge ruling powers’ ability to control people by controlling their beliefs. Indeed, it has the power to challenge anyone who wishes to preserve, protect, or defend the status quo.”

“[…] And then you notice someone. Amid the family clusters postceremony, the new graduates posing for pictures with Grandma in her wheelchair, the bursts of hugs and laughter, you see the person way in the back, the person who is part of the grounds crew, collecting the garbage from the cans on the perimeter of the event. Randomly pick any of the graduates. Do some magic so that this garbage collector started life with the graduate's genes. Likewise for getting the womb in which nine months were spent and the lifelong epigenetic consequences of that. Get the graduate's childhood as well-one filled with, say, piano lessons and family game nights, instead of, say, threats of going to bed hungry, becoming homeless, or being deported for lack of papers. Let's go all the way so that, in addition to the garbage collector having gotten all that of the graduate's past, the graduate would have gotten the garbage collector's past. Trade every factor over which they had no control, and you will switch who would be in the graduation robe and who would be hauling garbage cans. This is what I mean by determinism.”

“Beynin işi, özünde bilgi toplayıp davranışları uygun biçimde yönlendirmektir. Karar verme sürecinde bilincin devreye girip girmemesi durumu değiştirmez; çoğunlukla da girmez zaten. İster büyümüş gözbebeklerinden söz ediyor olalım, ister kıskançlıktan, cinsler arasındaki çekimden, yağlı yiyeceklere düşkün olmaktan ya da geçen haftaki müthiş fikrinizden, beynin işleyişi içindeki en küçük rol bilince ait olandır. Beyinlerimiz çoğunlukla otomatik pilot üzerinden çalışır; bilinçli zihnin, altında işleyip duran dev ve esrarengiz fabrikaya erişimi son derece kısıtlıdır.”

“1800'lerin ortalarında Alman fizikçi ve hekim Hermann Hemholtz (1821-1894)), gözlerden beyne damla damla akmakta olan verilerin, yaşadığımız zengin görme deneyimini açıklayamayacak kadar zayıf olduğu yönünde bir kuşkuya kapılmıştı. Vardığı sonuç ise beynin, gelen verilerle ilgili varsayımlarda bulunuyor olması gerektiği ve bu varsayımların önceki deneyimlere dayalı olduğu yolundaydı. Bir başka deyişle beyin, kendisine gelen az miktardaki bilgiyi, en iyi tahminleri bir araya getirerek daha büyük bir şeye dönüştürmekteydi.”