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Quote by William James

Work

The Will to Believe: And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, and Human Immortality

This volume brings together two of William James's significant works. 'The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy' presents a series of lectures and essays that argue for the legitimacy of adopting beliefs in cases where evidence is insufficient, particularly in moral and religious matters. James defends the right to believe in hypotheses that are live, forced, and momentous, challenging strict evidentialism. The essays cover topics such as the sentiment of rationality, the ethics of belief, and the psychology of religious experience. 'Human Immortality' is a separate essay that examines the philosophical and psychological arguments for the possibility of life after death, considering the nature of consciousness and its relation to the brain. Together, the works reflect James's pragmatic approach to philosophy, emphasizing the practical consequences and personal significance of our beliefs. more

Author

William James
William James

William James, born on January 11, 1842, and died on August 26, 1910, was an influential American philosopher, psychologist, and writer. He is considered one of the founders of functionalism in psychology and has had a profound impact on the fields of psychology, philosophy, and religion. more

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“I shall borrow two words used for a slightly different purpose by the great demographer Alfred Lotka to distinguish between the two systems of heredity enjoyed by man: endosomatic or internal heredity for the ordinary or genetical heredity we have in common with animals; and exosomatic or external heredity for the non-genetic heredity that is peculiarly our own - the heredity that is mediated through tradition, by which I mean the transfer of information through non-genetic channels from one generation to the next.”

“We have seen that in certain respects operant reinforcement resembles the natural selection of evolutionary theory. Just as genetic characteristics which arise as mutations are selected or discarded by their consequences, so novel forms of behavior are selected or discarded through reinforcement.”

“The evolution of cultures appears to follow the pattern of the evolution of species. The many different forms of culture which arise correspond to the "mutations" of genetic theory. Some forms prove to be effective under prevailing circumstances and others not, and the perpetuation of the culture is determined accordingly.”

“There is a striking parallel between the spreading of germs and the spreading of ideas or propaganda. On the one hand we are dealing with a virus which can be transported and transmitted under certain conditions which favor or limit its transportation or transmission: on the other hand with ideas, religions, and doctrines, which can be described as germs, benevolent or malevolent, according to the point of view one takes up. These germs can either remain at their source and be sterile, or emerge in the spreading of infection.”

“For memetics to be a reasonable research programme, it should be the case that copying, and differential success in causing the multiplication of copies, overwhelmingly plays the major role in shaping all or at least most of the contents of culture. Evolved domain-specific psychological dispositions, if there are any, should be at most a relatively minor factor that could be considered part of background conditions.”