“In my view there is a level of human knowledge that involves just getting it right aptly. This "animal" epistemic level is an inferior level in just the way of Diana's long shot in the dark while drunk. That shot is inferior in a certain respect if too poorly selected as a hunter's archery shot, even if not quite as poorly selected as would be a shot aimed at the moon. Even if Diana's too risky shot turns out to be apt by attaining success through sublime archery dexterity, it is still inferior in the particular respect of being so risky and hence so poorly selected.” IfsWayHumansLongStillsWould BeCertainTurnsDarkAnimalLevelsViewsParticularMoonShotsDrunkInferiorsSublimeHuntersSelectedDianaHuman KnowledgeArcheryDexterityLong Shots Author:Ernest Sosa
“Knowledge in my view is a form of action. It involves endeavors to get it right, and more broadly it concerns aimings, which can be functional rather than intentional.” ActionFormViewsConcernEndeavor Author:Ernest Sosa
“Arguably, if you view a real barn in bright sunlight and close by, while fully alert and otherwise in good shape, then you do know whether or not you see a barn. You have "animal" knowledge, says my virtue theory, through the first-order aptness of your judgment.” IfsKnowsFirstsRealOrderAnimalViewsVirtueTheoryShapesJudgmentSunlightBarns Author:Ernest Sosa
“Intuitive seeming is in my view an attraction to assent based on nothing more than understanding of the content that upon consideration attracts one's assent. But such understanding-based attraction can differ dramatically in epistemic quality. Some such attractions represent nothing more than superstition or bias absorbed from the culture, sans ratiocination.” CultureUnderstandingViewsQualityAttractionConsiderationSuperstitionsBiasIntuitiveSeeming Author:Ernest Sosa
“In my view (animal) knowledge is apt belief, where not only the belief (its existence and content) but also its correctness is creditable to the subject's competence.” BeliefAnimalViewsExistenceSubjectsCompetenceCorrectness Author:Ernest Sosa
“Epistemology now flourishes with various complementary approaches. This includes formal epistemology, experimental philosophy, cognitive science and psychology, including relevant brain science, and other philosophical subfields, such as metaphysics, action theory, language, and mind. It is not as though all questions of armchair, traditional epistemology are already settled conclusively, with unanimity or even consensus. We still need to reason our way together to a better view of those issues.” WayNeedsMindStillsReasonPhilosophyActionTogetherLanguageViewsBrainIssuesPsychologyTheoryApproachPhilosophicalIncludingVariousTraditionalRelevantFormalMetaphysicsConsensusCognitiveEpistemologyCognitive ScienceComplementaryArmchairsUnanimityBrain Science Author:Ernest Sosa
