“So much were employers of wage-labor unenthusiastic about proletarianization that, in addition to fostering the gender age division of labor, they also encouraged, in their employment patters and through their influence in the political arena, recognition of defined ethnic groups, seeking to link them to specific allocated roles in the labor-force, with different levels of real remuneration for their work. Ethnicity created a cultural crust which consolidated the patterns of semi-proletarian household structures.” DifferentRealAgePoliticalForceLevelsRolesGroupsInfluenceCapitalismLaborStructurePatternsSeekingGenderEmploymentDefinedRecognitionDivisionLinksHouseholdArenaEmployersEthnicityDifferent LevelsFosteringEthnic GroupsDivision Of LaborRemunerationLabor Force Author:Immanuel Wallerstein
“To be sure, the use of force by one party in a market transaction in order to improve his price was no invention of capitalism. Unequal exchange is an ancient practice. What was remarkable about capitalism as a historical system was the way in which this unequal exchange could be hidden; indeed, hidden so well that it is only after five hundred years of the operation of this mechanism that even the avowed opponents of the system have begun to unveil it systematically.” WayYearsWellsUseOrderForcePartyPracticeFiveHundredCapitalismHistoricalAncientInventionOperationsOpponentsRemarkableMechanismTransactionsUse Of Force Author:Immanuel Wallerstein
“Finally, states have monopolized, or sought to monopolize, armed force.” StatesForceCapitalismArmed Forces Book:Capistalist Civilisation Source: Capistalist Civilisation
“Scientific culture created a framework within which individual mobility was possible without threatening hierarchical work-force allocation. On the contrary, meritocracy reinforced hierarchy. Finally, meritocracy as an operation and scientific culture as an ideology created veils that hindered perception of the underlying operations of historical capitalism.” CultureIndividualForcePerceptionCapitalismHistoricalContraryIdeologyOperationsThreateningVeilsHierarchyFrameworkMobilityMeritocracyAllocation Author:Immanuel Wallerstein
“The way in which these two practices contain each other is that it has always been possible to use the one against the other: to use racism-sexism to prevent universalism from moving too far in the direction of egalitarianism; to use universalism to prevent racism-sexism from moving too far in the direction of a caste system that would inhibit the work force mobility so necessary for the capitalist accumulation process.” WayTwoUseMovingForceProcessPracticeRacismCapitalismSexismCapitalistAccumulationCastesMobilityEgalitarianismCaste SystemUniversalism Author:Immanuel Wallerstein