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Michel de Montaigne

Michel de Montaigne Books

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“I have seen elsewhere houses in ruins, and statues both of gods and men: these are men still. 'Tis all true; and yet, for all that, I cannot so often revisit the tomb of that so great and so puissant city,—[Rome]— that I do not admire and reverence it. The care of the dead is recommended to us; now, I have been bred up from my infancy with these dead; I had knowledge of the affairs of Rome long before I had any of those of my own house; I knew the Capitol and its plan before I knew the Louvre, and the Tiber before I knew the Seine..... .... Finding myself of no use to this age, I throw myself back upon that other, and am so enamoured of it, that the free, just, and flourishing state of that ancient Rome (for I neither love it in its birth nor its old age) interests and impassionates me; and therefore I cannot so often revisit the sites of their streets and houses, and those ruins profound even to the Antipodes, that I am not interested in them. Is it by nature, or through error of fancy, that the sight of places which we know to have been frequented and inhabited by persons whose memories are recommended in story, moves us in some sort more than to hear a recital of their—acts or to read their writings? It pleases me to consider their face, bearing, and vestments: I pronounce those great names betwixt my teeth, and make them ring in my ears: Of things that are in some part great and admirable, I admire even the common parts: I could wish to see them in familiar relations, walk, and sup. It were ingratitude to contemn the relics and images of so many worthy and valiant men as I have seen live and die, and who, by their example, give us so many good instructions, knew we how to follow them. And, moreover, this very Rome that we now see, deserves to be beloved.”

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“The natural heat, say the good-fellows, first seats itself in the feet: that concerns infancy; thence it mounts into the middle region, where it makes a long abode and produces, in my opinion, the sole true pleasures of human life; all other pleasures in comparison sleep; towards the end, like a vapor that still mounts upward, it arrives at the throat, where it makes its final residence, and concludes the progress.”

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“Did I know myself less, I might perhaps venture to handle something or other to the bottom, and to be deceived in my own inability; but sprinkling here one word and there another, patterns cut from several pieces and scattered without design and without engaging myself too far, I am not responsible for them, or obliged to keep close to my subject, without varying at my own liberty and pleasure, and giving up myself to doubt and uncertainty, and to my own governing method, ignorance.”

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“We are right to note the licence and disobedience of this member which thrusts itself forward so inopportunely when we do not want it to, and which so inopportunely lets us down when we most need it; it imperiously contests for authority with our will: it stubbornly and proudly refuses all our incitements, both mental and manual. Yet if this member were arraigned for rebelliousness, found guilty because of it and then retained me to plead its cause, I would doubtless cast suspicion on our other members for having deliberately brought a trumped-up charge, plotting to arm everybody against it and maliciously accusing it alone of a defect common to them all. I ask you to reflect whether there is one single part of our body which does not often refuse to function when we want it to, yet does so when we want it not to. Our members have emotions proper to themselves which arouse them or quieten them down without leave from us. How often do compelling facial movements bear witness to thoughts which we were keeping secret, so betraying us to those who are with us? The same causes which animate that member animate – without our knowledge – the heart, the lungs and the pulse: the sight of some pleasant object can imperceptibly spread right through us the flame of a feverish desire. Is it only the veins and muscles of that particular member which rise or fall without the consent of our will or even of our very thoughts? We do not command our hair to stand on end with fear nor our flesh to quiver with desire. Our hands often go where we do not tell them; our tongues can fail, our voices congeal, when they want to. Even when we have nothing for the pot and would fain order our hunger and thirst not to do so, they never fail to stir up those members which are subject to them, just as that other appetite does: it also deserts us, inopportunely, whenever it wants to. That sphincter which serves to discharge our stomachs has dilations and contractions proper to itself, independent of our wishes or even opposed to them; so do those members which are destined to discharge the kidneys. To show the limitless authority of our wills, Saint Augustine cites the example of a man who could make his behind produce farts whenever he would: Vives in his glosses goes one better with a contemporary example of a man who could arrange to fart in tune with verses recited to him; but that does not prove the pure obedience of that member, since it is normally most indiscreet and disorderly.17 In addition I know one Behind so stormy and churlish that it has obliged its master to fart forth wind constantly and unremittingly for forty years and is thus bringing him to his death.”

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“I find that our greatest vices derive their first propensity from our most tender infancy, and that our principal education depends upon the nurse. Mothers are mightily pleased to see a child writhe off the neck of a chicken, or to please itself with hurting a dog or a cat; and such wise fathers there are in the world, who look upon it as a notable mark of a martial spirit, when they hear a son miscall, or see him domineer over a poor peasant, or a lackey, that dares not reply, nor turn again; and a great sign of wit, when they see him cheat and overreach his playfellow by some malicious treachery and deceit. Yet these are the true seeds and roots of cruelty, tyranny, and treason; they bud and put out there, and afterwards shoot up vigorously, and grow to prodigious bulk, cultivated by custom. And it is a very dangerous mistake to excuse these vile inclinations upon the tenderness of their age, and the triviality of the subject: first, it is nature that speaks, whose declaration is then more sincere, and inward thoughts more undisguised, as it is more weak and young.”

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“Tis my humor as much to regard the form as the substance, and the advocate as much as the cause, as Alcibiades ordered we should: and every day pass away my time in reading authors without any consideration of their learning; their manner is what I look after, not their subject. And just so do I hunt after the conversation of any eminent wit, not that he may teach me, but that I may know him, and that knowing him, if I think him worthy of imitation, I may imitate him.”

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“Antigonus, having taken one of his soldiers into a great degree of favor and esteem for his valor, gave his physicians strict charge to cure him of a long and inward disease under which he had a great while languished, and observing that, after his cure, he went much more coldly to work than before, he asked him what had so altered and cowed him: “Yourself, sir,” replied the other, “by having eased me of the pains that made me weary of my life.”

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“I have heard Silvius, an excellent physician of Paris, say that lest the digestive faculties of the stomach should grow idle, it were not amiss once a month to rouse them by this excess, and to spur them lest they should grow dull and rusty; and one author tells us that the Persians used to consult about their most important affairs after being well warmed with wine.”

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“And in this we must for the most part entertain ourselves with ourselves, and so privately that no exotic knowledge or communication be admitted there; there to laugh and to talk, as if without wife, children, goods, train, or attendance, to the end that when it shall so fall out that we must lose any or all of these, it may be no new thing to be without them. We have a mind pliable in itself; that will be company; that has wherewithal to attack and to defend, to receive and to give: let us not then fear in this solitude to languish under an uncomfortable vacuity.”

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“Wives, children, and goods must be had, and especially health, by him that can get it; but we are not so to set our hearts upon them that our happiness must have its dependence upon them; we must reserve a backshop, wholly our own and entirely free, wherein to settle our true liberty, our principal solitude and retreat. And in this we must for the most part entertain ourselves with ourselves, and so privately that no exotic knowledge or communication be admitted there; there to laugh and to talk, as if without wife, children, goods, train, or attendance, to the end that when it shall so fall out that we must lose any or all of these, it may be no new thing to be without them. We have a mind pliable in itself, that will be company; that has wherewithal to attack and to defend, to receive and to give: let us not then fear in this solitude to languish under an uncomfortable vacuity.”

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Book:The Essays of Michael De Montaigne, Vol. 2 of 3 (Classic Reprint): Translated Into English, With Very Considerable Amendments and Improvements From the Most Accurate French Edition of Peter Coste
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“Debemos reservarnos una trastienda del todo nuestra, del todo libre, donde fijar nuestra verdadera libertad y nuestro principal retiro y soledad. En ella debemos mantener nuestra habitual conversación con nosotros mismos, y tan privada que no tenga cabida ninguna relación o comunicación con cosa ajena; discurrir y reír como si no tuviésemos mujer, hijos ni bienes, ni séquito ni criados, para que, cuando llegue la hora de perderlos, no nos resulte nuevo arreglárnoslas sin ellos. Poseemos un alma que puede replegarse en sí misma; puede hacerse compañía, tiene con qué atacar y con qué defender, con qué recibir y con qué dar. No temamos, en esta soledad, pudrirnos en el tedio del ocio: In solis sis tibi turba locis. [En estas soledades, sé una multitud para ti mismo]. La virtud se contenta consigo misma: sin enseñanzas, sin palabras, sin obras.”

Solitude
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“En cuanto al fin que nos proponen Plinio y Cicerón, la gloria, estoy muy lejos de tenerla en cuenta. La inclinación más contraria al retiro es la ambición. La gloria y el reposo no pueden alojarse en el mismo albergue. Por lo que veo, estos sólo tienen los brazos y las piernas fuera de la multitud; su alma y su intención continúan, más que nunca, atadas a ella: b | Tun’ uetule auriculis alienis colligis escas? [Entonces, viejo, ¿trabajas sólo para alimentar los oídos ajenos?] a | Se han echado atrás solo para saltar mejor, y para, con un movimiento más fuerte, penetrar más vivamente en la muchedumbre. ¿Queréis ver cómo se quedan cortos por un pelo? Comparemos las opiniones de dos filósofos [Epicuro y Séneca], y de dos escuelas muy diferentes, uno escribiendo a Idomeneo, otro a Lucillo, amigos suyos, para apartarlos de la administración de los negocios y de las grandezas, y dirigirlos hacia la soledad. Hasta ahora has vivido —dicen— nadando y flotando; ven a morir al puerto. Has entregado el resto de tu vida a la luz, entrega esta parte a la sombra. Es imposible abandonar las tareas si no renuncias a su fruto; así pues, deshazte de toda preocupación por el nombre y por la gloria. Existe el peligro de que el brillo de tus acciones pasadas te ilumine en exceso, y te siga hasta el interior de tu guarida. Abandona, junto a los demás placeres, el que brinda la aprobación ajena; y, en cuanto a tu ciencia y capacidad, no te importe: no perderán su eficacia porque tú valgas más que ellas. Acuérdate de aquel que, cuando le preguntaron para qué se esforzaba tanto en un arte que no podía ser conocido por mucha gente, respondió: «Me basta con pocos, me basta con uno, me basta con ninguno». Tenía razón. Tú y un compañero sois teatro de sobra suficiente el uno para el otro, o tú para ti mismo. Que el pueblo sea para ti uno solo, y que uno solo sea para ti todo el pueblo. Es una ambición cobarde pretender obtener gloria de la ociosidad y del ocultamiento. Tenemos que hacer como los animales, que borran su rastro a la entrada de su guarida. No has de buscar más que el mundo hable de ti, sino cómo has de hablarte a ti mismo. Retírate en tu interior, pero primero prepárate para acogerte; sería una locura confiarte a ti mismo si no te sabes gobernar. Uno puede equivocarse tanto en la soledad como en la compañía. Hasta que no te hayas vuelto tal que no oses tropezar ante ti, y hasta que no sientas vergüenza y respeto por ti mismo, c | obuersentur species honestae animo [que se ofrezcan imágenes honestas al espíritu], a | represéntate siempre en la imaginación a Catón, Foción y Aristides, ante los cuales aun los locos ocultarían sus faltas, y establécelos como censores de todas tus intenciones. Si estas se desvían, la reverencia por ellos te devolverá al camino. Te retendrán en la vía de contentarte contigo mismo, de no tomar nada en préstamo sino de ti, de detener y fijar el alma en unos pensamientos definidos y limitados donde pueda complacerse; y, tras haber entendido los verdaderos bienes, que se gozan a medida que se entienden, de contentarse con ellos, sin ansias de prolongar la vida ni el nombre. Este es el consejo de la verdadera y genuina filosofía, no de una filosofía ostentosa y verbal, como es la de los dos primeros.”

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“Puesto que Dios nos concede tiempo para disponer de nuestro desalojo, preparémonos, hagamos el equipaje, despidámonos a tiempo de la compañía, desembaracémonos de esas violentas ataduras que nos retienen en otro sitio y nos alejan de nosotros mismos. Hay que desatar esos lazos tan fuertes, y a partir de ahora amar esto y aquello, pero no casarse sino consigo mismo. Es decir: que el resto nos pertenezca, pero no unido y adherido de tal manera que no podamos desprendernos de ellos sin desollarnos y arrancarnos a la vez alguna parte nuestra. La cosa más importante del mundo es saber ser para uno mismo.”

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