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Adam Smith

Adam Smith Biography

Philosopher

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“The man whose public spirit is prompted altogether by humanity and benevolence, will respect the established powers and privileges even of individuals, and still more those of the great orders and societies, into which the state is divided. Though he should consider some of them as in some measure abusive, he will content himself with moderating what he often cannot annihilate without great violence. When he cannot conquer the rooted prejudices of the people by reason and persuasion, he will not attempt to subdue them by force; but will religiously observe what, by Cicero, is justly called the divine maxim of Plato, never to use violence to his country no more than to his parents. He will accommodate, as well as he can, his public arrangements to the confirmed habits and prejudices of the people; and will remedy, as well as he can, the inconveniencies which may flow from the want of those regulations which the people are averse to submit to. When he cannot establish the right, he will not disdain to ameliorate the wrong; but like Solon, when he cannot establish the best system of laws, he will try to establish the best that the people can bear.”

LawHumanityRespectReformWrongRegulationRightBenevolenceAmelioratePublic Spirit
Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“Pleasure and pain are the great objects of desire and aversion: but these are distinguished not by reason, but by immediate sense and feeling. If virtue, therefore, be desirable for its own sake, and if vice be, in the same manner, the object of aversion, it cannot be reason which originally distinguishes those different qualities, but immediate sense and feeling.”

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Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“The prudent man always studies seriously and earnestly to understand whatever he professes to understand, and not merely to persuade other people that he understands it; and though his talents may not always be very brilliant, they are always perfectly genuine. He neither endeavours to impose upon you by the cunning devices of an artful impostor, nor by the arrogant airs of an assuming pedant, nor by the confident assertions of a superficial and imprudent pretender. He is not ostentatious even of the abilities which he really possesses. His conversation is simple and modest, and he is averse to all the quackish arts by which other people so frequently thrust themselves into public notice and reputation.”

UnderstandingTalentHonestyConfidenceConversationArroganceModestyCunningPrudenceQuacks
Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“The prudent man is always sincere, and feels horror at the very thought of exposing himself to the disgrace which attends upon the detection of falsehood. But though always sincere, he is not always frank and open; and though he never tells any thing but the truth, he does not always think himself bound, when not properly called upon, to tell the whole truth. As he is cautious in his actions, so he is reserved in his speech; and never rashly or unnecessarily obtrudes his opinion concerning either things or persons.”

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Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“And even we, while we have been endeavouring to represent all philosophical systems as mere inventions of the imagination, to connect together the otherwise disjointed and discordant phenomena of nature, have insensibly been drawn in, to make use of language expressing the connecting principle of this one, as if they were the real chains which Nature makes use of to bind together here several operations.”

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Author:Adam Smith
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“Order and good government, and along with them the liberty and security of individuals, were in this manner established in cities, at a time when the occupiers of land in the country, were exposed to every sort of violence. But men in this defenceless state naturally content themselves with their necessary subsistence; because, to acquire more, might only tempt the injustice of their oppressors. On the contrary, when they are secure of enjoying the fruits of their industry, they naturally exert it to better their condition, and to acquire not only the necessaries, but the conveniencies and elegancies of life.”

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Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“Let us suppose that the great empire of China, with all its myriads of inhabitants, was suddenly swallowed up by an earthquake, and let us consider how a man of humanity in Europe, who had no sort of connection with that part of the world, would be affected upon receiving intelligence of this dreadful calamity. He would, I imagine, first of all, express very strongly his sorrow for the misfortune of that unhappy people, he would make many melancholy reflections upon the precariousness of human life, and the vanity of all the labours of man, which could thus be annihilated in a moment. He would too, perhaps, if he was a man of speculation, enter into many reasonings concerning the effects which this disaster might produce upon the commerce of Europe, and the trade and business of the world in general. And when all this fine philosophy was over, when all these humane sentiments had been once fairly expressed, he would pursue his business or his pleasure, take his repose or his diversion, with the same ease and tranquillity, as if no such accident had happened. The most frivolous disaster which could befall himself would occasion a more real disturbance. If he was to lose his little finger to-morrow, he would not sleep to-night; but, provided he never saw them, he will snore with the most profound security over the ruin of a hundred millions of his brethren, and the destruction of that immense multitude seems plainly an object less interesting to him, than this paltry misfortune of his own. To prevent, therefore, this paltry misfortune to himself, would a man of humanity be willing to sacrifice the lives of a hundred millions of his brethren, provided he had never seen them? Human nature startles with horror at the thought, and the world, in its greatest depravity and corruption, never produced such a villain as could be capable of entertaining it. But what makes this difference? When our passive feelings are almost always so sordid and so selfish, how comes it that our active principles should often be so generous and so noble? When we are always so much more deeply affected by whatever concerns ourselves, than by whatever concerns other men; what is it which prompts the generous, upon all occasions, and the mean upon many, to sacrifice their own interests to the greater interests of others? It is not the soft power of humanity, it is not that feeble spark of benevolence which Nature has lighted up in the human heart, that is thus capable of counteracting the strongest impulses of self-love. It is a stronger power, a more forcible motive, which exerts itself upon such occasions. It is reason, principle, conscience, the inhabitant of the breast, the man within, the great judge and arbiter of our conduct.”

Human NatureMorality
Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“When I endeavour to examine my own conduct... I divide myself as it were into two persons; and that I, the examiner and judge, represent a different character from the other I, the person whose conduct is examine into and judged of. The first in the spectator... the second is the agent, a person who I properly call myself, and on whose conduct I was endeavouring to form some opinion.”

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Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“In regards to the price of commodities, the rise of wages operates as simple interest does, the rise of profit operates like compound interest. Our merchants and masters complain much of the bad effects of high wages in raising the price and lessening the sale of goods. They say nothing concerning the bad effects of high profits. They are silent with regard to the pernicious effects of their own gains. They complain only of those of other people.”

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Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“…) the passions, though restrained, are not always subdued, but often remain lurking in the breast with all their original fury. The man whose anger is restrained by fear, does not always lay aside his anger, but only reserves its gratification for a more safe opportunity. But the man who, in relating to some other person the injury which has been done to him, feels at once the fury of his passion cooled and becalmed by sympathy with the more moderate sentiments of his companion, who at once adopts those more moderate sentiments, and comes to view that injury, not in the black and atrocious colours in which he had originally beheld it, but in the much milder and fairer light in which his companion naturally views it; not only restrains, but in some measure subdues, his anger. The passion becomes really less than it was before, and less capable of exciting him to the violent and bloody revenge which at first, perhaps, he might have thought of inflicting.”

Emotions
Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“What renders you incapable of such a rudeness, is nothing but a regard to the general rules of civility and hospitality, which prohibit it. … But if without regard to these general rules, even the duties of politeness, which are so easily observed, and which one can scarce have any serious motive to violate, would yet be so frequently violated, that what would become of the duties of justice, of truth, of chastity, of fidelity, which it is often so difficult to observe, and which there may be so many strong motives to violate? But upon the tolerable observance of these duties, depends the very existence of human society, which would crumble into nothing if mankind were not generally impressed with a reverence for those important rules of conduct.”

SocietyInternet
Book:Essays On, I. Moral Sentiments: Ii. Astronomical Inquiries; Iii. Formation of Languages; Iv. History of Ancient Physics; V. Ancient Logic and ... the External Senses; Ix. English and Ita
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“The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life, seems to arise from over-rating the difference between one permanent situation and another. Avarice over-rates the difference between poverty and riches: ambition, that between a private and a public station: vain-glory, that between obscurity and extensive reputation. The person under the influence of any of those extravagant passions, is not only miserable in his actual situation, but is often disposed to disturb the peace of society, in order to arrive at that which he so foolishly admires. The slightest observation, however, might satisfy him, that, in all the ordinary situations of human life, a well-disposed mind may be equally calm, equally cheerful, and equally contented. Some of those situations may, no doubt, deserve to be preferred to others: but none of them can deserve to be pursued with that passionate ardour which drives us to violate the rules either of prudence or of justice; or to corrupt the future tranquillity of our minds, either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly, or by remorse from the horror of our own injustice.”

HappinessEthics
Book:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
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“C'est donc la proportion existante entre la somme des capitaux et celle des revenus qui détermine partout la proportion dans laquelle se trouveront l'industrie et la fainéantise ; partout où les capitaux l'emportent, c'est l'industrie qui domine ; partout où ce sont les revenus, la fainéantise prévaut. Ainsi, toute augmentation ou diminution dans la masse des capitaux tend naturellement à augmenter ou à diminuer réellement la somme de l'industrie, le nombre des gens productifs et, par conséquent, la valeur échangeable du produit annuel des terres et du travail du pays, la richesse et le revenu réel de tous ses habitants. Les capitaux augmentent par l'économie ; ils diminuent par la prodigalité et la mauvaise conduite.”

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Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“Servants, labourers, and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society. But what improves the circumstances of the greater part can never be regarded as an inconveniency to the whole. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed, and lodged.”

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Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“A highway, a bridge, a navigable canal, for example, may in most cases be both made and maintained by a small toll upon the carriages which make use of them: a harbour, by moderate port-duty upon the tonnage of the shipping which load or unload in it. The coinage, another institution for facilitating commerce, in many countries, not only defrays its own expense, but affords a small revenue or seignorage to the sovereign. The post-office, another institution for the same purpose, over and above defraying its own expense, affords in almost all countries a very considerable revenue to the sovereign. When the carriages which pass over a highway or a bridge, and the lighters which sail upon a navigable canal, pay toll in proportion to their weight or their tonnage, they pay for the maintenance of those public works exactly in proportion to the wear and tear which they occasion of them. It seems scarce possible to invent a more equitable way of maintaining such works.”

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Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“A direct tax upon the wages of labour, therefore, though the labourer might perhaps pay it out of his hand, could not properly be said to be even advanced by him, at least if the demand for labour and the average price of provisions remained the same after the tax as before it. In all such cases, not only the tax but something more than the tax would in reality be advanced by the person who immediately employed him.”

Income TaxAdam Smith Institute
Author:Adam Smith
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“When it has been proposed to lay any new tax upon sugar, our sugar planters have frequently complained that the whole weight of such taxes fell, not upon the consumer, but upon the producer, they never having been able to raise the price of their sugar after the tax higher than it was before. The price had, it seems, before the tax been a monopoly price, and the argument adduced to show that sugar was an improper subject of taxation demonstrated, perhaps, that it was a proper one, the gains of monopolists, whenever they can be come at, being certainly of all subjects the most proper.”

EconomicsTaxationMonopolies
Book:The Wealth of Nations
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“The difference between the earnings of a common labourer and those of a well employed lawyer or physician, is evidently much greater than that between the ordinary profits in any two different branches of trade. The apparent difference, besides, in the profits of different trades, is generally a deception arising from our not always distinguishing what ought to be considered as wages, from what ought to be considered as profit.”

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Book:An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nation vol II VIIth edition 1793 [Leather Bound]
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“All the improvements in machinery, however, have by no means been the inventions of those who had occasion to use the machines. Many improvements have been made by the ingenuity of the makers of the machines, when to make them became the business of a peculiar trade; and some by that of those who are called philosophers or men of speculation, whose trade it is not to do anything, but to observe everything; and who, upon that account, are often capable of combining together the powers of the most distant and dissimilar objects. In the progress of society, philosophy or speculation becomes, like every other employment, the principal or sole trade and occupation of a particular class of citizens. Like every other employment too, it is subdivided into a great number of different branches, each of which affords occupation to a peculiar tribe or class of philosophers; and this subdivision of employment in philosophy, as well as in every other business, improves dexterity, and saves time. Each individual becomes more expert in his own peculiar branch, more work is done upon the whole, and the quantity of science is considerably increased by it.”

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Author:Adam Smith
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“But the cruelest of our revenue laws, I will venture to affirm, are mild and gentle, in comparison to some of those which the clamour of our merchants and manufacturers has extorted from the legislature, for the support of their own absurd and oppressive monopolies. Like the laws of Draco, these laws may be said to be all written in blood.”

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Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“[On] a accoutumé les peuples à croire que leur intérêt consistait à ruiner tous leurs voisins ; chaque nation en est venue à jeter un oeil d'envie sur la prospérité de toutes les nations avec lesquelles elle commerce, et à regarder tout ce qu'elles gagnent comme une perte pour elle. Le commerce, qui naturellement devait être, pour les nations comme pour les individus, une lien de concorde et d'amitié, est devenu la source la plus féconde des haines et des querelles. Pendant ce siècle et le précédent, l'ambition capricieuse des rois et des ministres n'a pas été plus fatale au repos de l'Europe, que la sotte jalousie des marchands et des manufacturiers. L'humeur injuste et violente de ceux qui gouvernent les hommes est un mal d'ancienne date, pour lequel j'ai bien peur que la nature des choses humaines ne comporte pas de remède ; mais quant à cet esprit de monopole, à cette rapacité basse et envieuse des marchands et des manufacturiers, qui ne sont, ni les uns ni les autres, chargés de gouverner les hommes, et qui ne sont nullement faits pour en être chargés, s'il n'y a peut-être pas moyen de corriger ce vice, au moins est-il bien facile d'empêcher qu'il ne puisse troubler la tranquillité de personne, si ce n'est de ceux qui en sont possédés.”

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“Quatrième maxime. - Tout impôt doit être conçu de manière à ce qu'il fasse sortir des mains du peuple le moins d'argent possible au-delà de ce qui entre dans le Trésor de l'Etat, et en même temps à ce qu'il tienne le moins longtemps possible cet argent hors des mains du peuple avant d'entrer dans ce Trésor.”

éConomieImpôt
Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
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“Dans le système de la liberté naturelle, le souverain n'a que trois devoirs à remplir ; trois devoirs, à la vérité, d'une haute importance, mais clairs, simples et à la portée d'une intelligence ordinaire. - Le premier, c'est le devoir de défendre la société de tout acte de violence ou d'invasion de la part des autres sociétés indépendantes. - Le second, c'est le devoir de protéger, autant qu'il est possible, chaque membre de la société contre l'injustice ou l'oppression de tout autre membre, ou bien le devoir d'établir une administration exacte de la justice. - Et le troisième, c'est le devoir d'ériger et d'entretenir certains ouvrages publics et certaines institutions que l'intérêt privé d'un particulier ou de quelques particuliers ne pourrait jamais les porter à ériger ou à entretenir, parce que jamais le profit n'en rembourserait la dépense à un particulier ou à quelques particuliers, quoiqu'à l'égard d'une grande société ce profit fasse beaucoup plus que rembourser les dépenses.”

éConomieBiens PublicsDevoirs
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“Les riches, en particulier, sont nécessairement intéressés à appuyer un ordre de choses qui seul peut leur assurer la possession de leurs avantages. Des hommes d'une richesse inférieure se lient à la défense de la propriété de ceux qui leur sont supérieurs en richesses, afin que ces derniers se lient à leur tour à la défense de leurs petites propriétés. Tous les pasteurs et bergers du second ordre sentent que la sûreté de leurs troupeaux dépend de la sûreté de ceux du grand pasteur ou berger ; que le maintien de la portion d'autorité dont ils jouissent dépend du maintien de la portion plus grande dont jouit celui-ci, et que c'est sur leur subordination envers lui que repose le pouvoir de tenir leurs inférieurs dans une pareille subordination envers eux-mêmes. Ils constituent une espèce de petite noblesse qui se sent intéressée à défendre leur propriété et à soutenir l'autorité de son petit souverain, afin qu'il soit en état lui-même de défendre leur propriété et de soutenir leur autorité.. Le gouvernement civil, en tant qu'il a pour objet la sûreté des propriétés, est, dans la réalité, institué pour défendre les riches contre les pauvres, ou bien, ceux qui ont quelque propriété contre ceux qui n'en ont point.”

éConomiePropriété
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“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow citizens.”

SelfHumanityInterestLibertyDependsSelf LoveCitizensAdvantageRegardFellowsDinnerLibertarianAddressesLibertarianismSelf InterestBeggarBenevolenceButchersBakersWealth Of NationsBrewers
Book:An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations0: With a life of the author : Also a view of the doctrine of Smith, compared with that of the french economists ...
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“Every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of society as great as he can. He generally neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. He intends only his own gain, and he is, in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was not part of his intention.”

KnowsEndsHandsIndividualInterestLibertyCasesKnow HowEconomicGainsEconomicsLaborIntentionLibertarianInvisibleLibertarianismRevenueFree MarketPromotingAnnualsIndividual LibertyPublic InterestGreat LibertarianInvisible HandWealth Of Nations
Author:Adam Smith
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“The natural effort of every individual to better his own condition is so powerful that it is alone, and without any assistance, capable not only of carrying on the society to wealth and prosperity, but of surmounting 100 impertinent obstructions with which the folly of human laws too often encumbers its operations.”

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Author:Adam Smith
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