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Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves

Book by Frans de Waal · 18 quotes · Emotions, Humanos, Evolucion

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Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves Quotes

“The human smile derives from the nervous grin found in other primates. We employ it when there is a potential for conflict, something we are always worried about even under the friendliest circumstances. We bring flowers or a bottle of wine when we are invading other people’s home territory, and we greet each other by waving an open hand, a gesture thought to originate from showing that we carry no weapons. But the smile remains our main tool to improve the mood. Copying another’s smile makes everyone happier, or as Louis Armstrong sang: “When you’re smiling, the whole world smiles with you.”

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“Reprimanded children sometimes can’t stop smiling, which risks being mistaken for disrespect. All they’re doing, though, is nervously signaling nonhostility. This is why women smile more than men, and why men who smile are often in need of friendly relations. One study explicitly looked at this underdog quality of the smile in pictures taken right before matches in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. The photographs show both fighters defiantly staring at each other. Analysis of a large number of pictures revealed that the fighter with the more intense smile was the one who’d end up losing the fight later that day. The investigators concluded that smiling indicates a lack of physical dominance, and that the fighter who smiles the most is the one most in need of appeasement.”

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“I seriously doubt that the smile is our species’s “happy” face, as is often stated in books about human emotions. Its background is much richer, with meanings other than cheeriness. Depending on the circumstances, the smile can convey nervousness, a need to please, reassurance to anxious others, a welcoming attitude, submission, amusement, attraction, and so on. Are all these feelings captured by calling them “happy”? Our labels grossly simplify emotional displays, like the way we give each emoticon a single meaning. Many of us now use smiley or frowny faces to punctuate text messages, which suggests that language by itself is not as effective as advertised. We feel the need to add nonverbal cues to prevent a peace offer from being mistaken for an act of revenge, or a joke from being taken as an insult. Emoticons and words are poor substitutes for the body itself, though: through gaze direction, expressions, tone of voice, posture, pupil dilation, and gestures, the body is much better than language at communicating a wide range of meanings.”

EmotionsSmileAttractionHappySubmissionNervousness
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“His reaction looked very much like anger, with threatening gestures, raised voice, and a purple face. But his anger was triggered by apprehension and was mixed with hope that some good discipline might keep me from being so stupid again. It sure did! My point here is that every display of emotion needs to be judged in a wider context. A single label rarely suffices. To call my father's state "angry" fails to do it justice without also mentioning love and worry.”

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“Taken by themselves, emotions are pretty useless. Simply being fearful doesn't do an organism any good. But if a fearful state prompts an organism to flee, hide, or counterattack, it may well save its life. Emotions evolve, in short, for their capacity to induce adaptive reactions to danger, competition, mating opportunities, and so on. Emotions are action-prone.”

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“Emotions are observable and measurable, reflected in bodily changes and actions. Since human bodies are the same across the globe, emotions are by and large universal, including what happens to us when we fall in love, have fun, or get mad. That is why we never feel emotionally disconnected even in a country where we don’t speak the language. Feelings, on the other hand, are private experiences, varying from place to place and from person to person. What one person experiences as pain, another may feel as pleasure. There is no simple one-to-one mapping between emotions and feelings. Every language has its own concepts to describe subjective states, and people bring different backgrounds and experiences to how they feel and why.”

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“En nuestra especie, la atracción por la juventud tiene sentido debido a nuestro vínculo de pareja que conduce a familias estables. Las mujeres jóvenes están más disponibles y son más valiosas por la larga vida reproductiva que tienen por delante. De ahí el eterno anhelo femenino por parecer joven a base de bótox, implantes, estiramientos faciales y demás.”

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“Todos los animales mutilan o matan a otros organismos. Ni el agricultor más orgánico puede evitar perjudicar los intereses de otras formas de vida al robar el hábitat de animales salvajes, erradicar insectos con pesticidas naturales y sacrificar plantas para el consumo humano.”

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“Nosotros evolucionamos a partir de comedores de fruta arborícolas - de ahí nuestros ojos frontales, nuestra visión de color y nuestras manos prensoras-, pero nuestro tamaño y nuestras aptitudes especiales nos confieren un porte depredador. Probablemente es por esto por lo que nos llevamos tan bien con nuestras mascotas favoritas, que son dos carnívoros peludos.”

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