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José Ortega y Gasset Books

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“The only thing that interests the physicist is finding out on what assumptions a framework of things can be constructed which will enable us to know how to use them mechanically. Physics, as I have said on another occasion, is the technique of techniques and the ars combinatoria for fabricating machines. It is a knowledge which has scarcely anything to do with comprehension.”

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Author:José Ortega y Gasset
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“Next time we will look at this from a much more basic point of view and one antedating all zoology, which, glimpsed only a little after my twentieth year, made write in those days that what is most valuable in man is his eternal and almost divine discontent, a discontent which is a kind of love without a beloved, and like an ache which we feel in members of our body that we do not have. Man is the only being that misses he has never had. And the whole of what we miss, without ever having had it, is never what we call happiness. From this one could start a meditation on happiness, an analysis of that strange condition which makes man the only being who is unhappy for the very reason that he needs to be happy. That is, because he needs to be what he is not.”

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Book:An Interpretation of Universal History
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“So it happens that we must ask ourselves, with regard to truth, not for a new criterion for it, which will be better polished than earlier ones, but, peremptorily and seizing it by the lapels, "what is truth as such," and with regard to reality, not what things are or what and how is that which is, but for what reason that X which we call Being is in the Universe, and with regard to knowledge we must not ask for its bases and limits—as Plato, Aristotle Descartes, Kant did—but for something which comes before all this: for what reason we concern ourselves with trying to know.”

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Book:La Idea De Principio En Leibniz Y La Evolución De La Teoría Deductiva
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“For the first time after so many years I come back to cry aloud in the desert. Because this is the mission of the intellectual who is truly a prophet—to cry in the desert. The greatest of the prophets, Isaiah, made it notable, of course, when he spoke of himself as the voice of one "crying in the wilderness." Because the mission of the intellectual is to be the man who, from his desert, his basic solitude—and man is only man amid his truth, only himself when he is alone—cries aloud to others and invites them to each into his own solitude.”

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Book:An Interpretation of Universal History
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“Man is a fantastic animal; he was born of fantasy, he is the son of "the mad woman of the house." And universal history is the gigantic and thousand-year effort to go on putting order into that huge, disorderly, anti-animal fantasy. What we call reason is no more than fantasy put into shape. Is there anything in the world more fantastic than that which is the most rational? Is there anything more fantastic than the mathematical point, and the infinite line, and, in general, all mathematics and all physics? Is there a more fantastic fancy than what we call "justice" and the other thing that we call "happiness"?”

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Book:An Interpretation of Universal History
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“Thinking of things" is but a special way of dealing with them; but, as is obvious, it is a secondary manner of doing so and thus presupposes another [i.e., the primordial one]. The fundamental error—the "intellectualist" error—committed in Greece and modern Europe is tantamount to presupposing the opposite and to regarding one's intellectual manner of relating to things as one's primordial way of living. Descartes thus dared to define a human being, that is, the one living or "self," as une chose qui pense d'autres choses ["a thing that thinks of other things"]. That's done it! As if living were just being engaged in thinking of things! What about stumbling on them?”

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Book:What is Knowledge?
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“Self-reflection or autognosis reveals that what is given in consciousness is, first and foremost, integral connectedness and organic unity of all thinking, feeling, and desiring. At the same time, self-reflection reveals that this connected unity is the ultimate reality that can be reached. "Consciousness cannot go behind itself." Whatever we propose to think forms part of this organic unity of our mind and is a result or consequence of it. There is no means of jumping beyond consciousness, and any attempt to explain with the help of any other imaginary system the radical connectedness in which we live and that is our mind would be absurd. Our mind is the very presupposition of all explanation. For to explain a phenomenon means, in the last instance, to point out its place and its part within the living economy of consciousness, and to determine the "meaning" it has in the original source of all meaning: life.”

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Author:José Ortega y Gasset
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“A poco que vivimos hemos palpado ya los confines de nuestra prisión. Treinta años cuando más tardamos en reconocer los límites dentro de los cuales van a moverse nuestras posibilidades. Tomamos posesión de lo real, que es como haber medido los metros de una cadena prendida en nuestros pies. Entonces decimos: «¿Esto es la vida? ¿Nada más que esto? ¿Un ciclo concluso que se repite, siempre idéntico?» He aquí una hora peligrosa para todo hombre.”

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Book:Meditations on Quixote
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“When this reality, the one and only power that checks and disciplines man from within, vanishes because belief in it is slackening, the social domain falls prey to passions. The ensuing vacuum is filled by the gas of emotion. Everyone proclaims what best suits his interests, his whims, his intellectual manias. To escape the void and the perplexities of his own soul, a man will rush to join any party standard that is being carried through the streets. With society gone there remain only parties.”

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Book:Concord and Liberty
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“To meditate is to sail a course, to navigate, among problems many of which we are in the process of clearing up. After each one looms another, whose shores are even more attractive, more suggestive. Certainly, it requires strength and perseverance to get to windward of problems, but there is no greater delight than to reach new shores, and even to sail, as Camoëns says, “through seas that keel has never cut before.” If you will now open a bank-account of attention for me, I foretell sun-smitten landscapes and promise archipelagoes.”

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Book:Man and People (Norton Library
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“La colonización inglesa fue la acción reflexiva de minorías, bien en consorcios económicos, bien por secesión de un grupo selecto que busca tierras donde servir mejor a Dios. En la española, es el «pueblo» quien directamente, sin propósitos conscientes, sin directores, sin táctica deliberada, engendra otros pueblos. Grandeza y miseria de nuestra colonización vienen ambas de aquí. Nuestro «pueblo» hizo todo lo que tenía que hacer: pobló, cultivó, cantó, gimió, amó. Pero no podía dar a las naciones que engendraba lo que no tenía: disciplina superior, cultura vivaz, civilización progresiva.”

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Book:España invertebrada
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“Pica, a la verdad, en historia la unanimidad con que todas las clases españolas ostentan su repugnancia hacia los políticos. Diríase que los políticos son los únicos españoles que no cumplen con su deber ni gozan de las cualidades para su menester imprescindibles. Diríase que nuestra aristrocacia, nuestra Universidad, nuestra industria, nuestro ejército, nuestra ingeniería, son gremios maravillosamente bien dotados y que encuentran siempre anuladas sus virtudes y talentos por la intervención fatal de los políticos. Si esto fuera verdad, ¿cómo se explica que España, pueblo de tan perfectos electores, se abstiene en no sustituir a esos perversos elegidos? Hay aquí una insinceridad, una hipocresía. Poco más o menos, ningún gremio nacional puede echar nada en cara a los demás. Allá se van unos y otros en ineptitud, falta de generosidad, incultura y ambiciones fantásticas.”

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Book:España invertebrada
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“We see, then, that even from the zoological point of view, which is the least interesting and—note this—not decisive, a being in such condition can never achieve a genuine equilibrium; we also see something that differs from the idea of challenge-response in Toynbee and, in my judgement, effectively constitutes human life: namely, that no surroundings or change of surroundings can in itself be described as an obstacle, a difficulty, and a challenge for man, but that the difficulty is always relative to the projects which man creates in his imagination, to what he customarily calls his ideals; in short, relative to what man wants to be. This affords us an idea of challenge-and-response which is much deeper and more decisive than the merely anecdotal, adventitious, and accidental idea which Toynbee proposes. In its light, all of human life appears to us as what it is permanently: a dramatic confrontation and struggle of man with the world and not a mere occasional maladjustment which is produced at certain moments.”

LifePhilosophyHumanityHistoryExistentialismConfrontationEquilibriumZoologyToynbee
Book:An Interpretation of Universal History
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