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Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura Books

Psychologist

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“People's conceptions about themselves and the nature of things are developed and verified through four different processes: direct experience of the effects produced by their actions, vicarious experience of the effects produced by somebody else's actions, judgments voiced by others, and derivation of further knowledge from what they already know by using rules of inference”

PeopleKnowsDifferentActionProcessFourEffectsJudgmentDirectConceptionInferenceSelf EfficacyVicarious
Author:Albert Bandura
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“People regulate their level and distribution of effort in accordance with the effects they expect their actions to have. As a result, their behavior is better predicted from their beliefs than from the actual consequences of their actions”

PeopleActionBeliefLevelsResultsEffortEffectsBehaviorConsequenceDistributionSelf Efficacy
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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“Accurate processing of information about outcomes is no simple task under the variable conditions of everyday life . . . usually, many factors enter into determining what effects, if any, given actions will have, Actions, therefore, produce outcomes probabilistically rather than certainly. Depending on the particular conjunction of factors, the same course of action may produce given outcomes regularly, occasionally, or only infrequently”

IfsMayActionCoursesGivenSimpleConditionsEffectsInformationProduceParticularTasksEverydayFactorsOutcomesAccurateEveryday LifeVariablesProcessingConjunctionsSelf Efficacy
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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“The difficulty in judging what type of behavior works well arises not only because a given course of action does not always produce the outcomes. Similar outcomes can occur for reasons other than the person's actions, which further complicates inferential judgment. Effects that arise independently of one's actions distort the influence of similar effects produced by the actions, but only on some occasions. Given a strong cognitive set to perceive regularities, even chance joint occurrences of events can be easily misjudged as genuine relationships of low contingent probability”

WellsPersonsDoeReasonActionCoursesStrongGivenChanceInfluenceEffectsEventsProduceJudgingTypeBehaviorJudgmentLowsDifficultyGenuineAriseOccasionsPerceiveOutcomesProbabilityJointsCognitiveRegularitySelf Efficacy
Author:Albert Bandura
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“Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.”

DoeRememberEffectsInstanceCoincidenceJointsCausalitySelf Efficacy
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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“Dysfunctions can occur in each of the self-regulatory subfunctions-in how personal experiences are self-monitored and cognitively processed, in the evaluative self-standards that are adopted, and in the evaluative self-reactions to one's own behavior.. Problems at any one of these points can create self-dissatisfactions and dejection. dysfunctions in all aspects of the self system are most apt to produce the most chronic self-disparagement and despondency”

SelfProblemProduceBehaviorStandardsAspectReactionsAdoptedPersonal ExperiencesDissatisfactionDysfunctionSelf EfficacyDespondencyBehavior Problems
Author:Albert Bandura
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“Expected outcomes contribute to motivation independently of self-efficacy beliefs when outcomes are not completely controlled by quality of performance. This occurs when extraneous factors also affect outcomes, or outcomes are socially tied to a minimum level of performance so that some variations in quality of performance above and below the standard do not produce differential outcomes”

SelfMotivationBeliefLevelsQualityProduceStandardsPerformancesExpectedFactorsOutcomesControlledTiedMinimumVariationEfficacySelf EfficacyAbove And Below
Author:Albert Bandura
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“Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability”

ThinkingSelfProblemDifficultAbilityEffortShapesSkillsSolutionsSeekingAttributesInsufficientEfficacySelf EfficacyDifficult ProblemsPerceived Self
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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“Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility”

PeopleSelfActionLevelsViewsActivitySkillsLowsRegardConvictionDeterminedOutcomesJudgedFutilityEfficacySelf EfficacyDemoralizing
Author:Albert Bandura
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“As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior”

LevelsActivitySkillsBehaviorOrganizationComplexesModeratesIntricateFacilitateDeploymentSelf EfficacyArousal
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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“People who are burdened by acute misgivings about their coping capabilities suffer much distress and expend much effort in defensive action... they cannot get themselves to do things they find subjectively threatening even though they are objectively safe. They may even shun easily manageable activities because they see them as leading to more threatening events over which they will be unable to exercise adequate control.”

PeopleMayActionSufferingEffortEventsExerciseActivitySafeCapabilityDistressThreateningAdequateCopingManageableSelf EfficacyMisgivings
Author:Albert Bandura
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“From the social cognitive perspective, it is mainly perceived inefficacy to cope with potentially aversive events that makes them fearsome. To the extent that people believe they can prevent, terminate, or lessen the severity of aversive events, they have little reason to be perturbed by them. But if they believe they are unable to manage threats safely, they have much cause for apprehension.”

PeopleIfsBelieveLittlesReasonSocialCausesEventsPerspectiveThreatManageApprehensionCognitiveSeveritySelf Efficacy
Author:Albert Bandura
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“Perceived self-efficacy in coping with potential threats leads people to approach such situations anxiously, and experience of disruptive arousal may further lower their sense of efficacy that they will be able to perform skillfully”

PeopleMaySelfAbleSituationApproachThreatCopingEfficacyDisruptiveSelf EfficacyArousalPerceived Self
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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“People are much more likely to act on their self-percepts of efficacy inferred from many sources of information rather than rely primarily on visceral cues. This is not surprising because self knowledge based on information about one's coping skills, past accomplishments, and social comparison is considerably more indicative of capability than the indefinite stirrings of the viscera”

PeopleSelfPastSocialInformationSourceSkillsAccomplishmentRelyComparisonCapabilitySurprisingSelf KnowledgeCopingStirringEfficacyVisceralSelf Efficacy
Book:Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory
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