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Intellectuals Quotes

Browse 63 quotes about Intellectuals.

Intellectuals Quotes

“I have suffered from being alone, but because I have been able to keep my secret I have overcome the suffering of loneliness. To go right to the end implies knowing how to keep one's secret. And, today, there is no greater joy than to live alone and unknown. My deepest joy is to write. To accept the world and to accept pleasure—but only when I am stripped bare of everything. I should not be worthy to love the bare and empty beaches if I could not remain naked in the presence of myself. For the first time I can understand the meaning of the word happiness without any ambiguity. It is a little different from what men normally mean when they say: 'i am happy.”

PhilosophyIntelligenceNotebookIntellectualsScholars
Book:Notebooks 1935-1942
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“Once upon a time there was a standard. It gave us men rich in thought - but all is trodden underfoot by a swinish multitude. Every area of intellectual endeavor is tainted. Over 120 years ago the historian of European morals, William Lecky, praised Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) for honesty and seriousness. Lecky said that although Carlyle was a very poor man for many years, he never sought wealth by advocating popular opinions, by pandering to common prejudices, or by veiling [his] most unpalatable beliefs. According to Lecky, Carlyle's standard of truthfulness was extremely high, and one of his great quarrels with his age was that it was an age of half-beliefs and insincere professions. Lecky tells us that Carlyle used to speak of men who 'played false with their intellects'; or, in other words, turned away their minds from unwelcome truths and by allowing their wishes or interests to sway their judgments, persuaded or half-persuaded themselves to believe whatever they wished. A firm grasp of facts, he maintained, was the first characteristic of an honest mind; the main element in all honest, intellectual work.”

HonestHonestyTruthfulnessIntellectualsThomas CarlyleWilliam Lecky
Author:J.R.Nyquist
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“What never fails inside the mind of an intellectual never works outside the confines of his head. The world’s stubborn refusal to vindicate the intellectual’s theories serves as proof of humanity’s irrationality, not his own. Thus, the true believer retrenches rather than rethinks; he launches a war on the world, denying reality because it fails to conform to his theories. If intellectuals are not prepared to reconcile theory and practice, then why do they bother to venture outside the ivory tower or the coffeehouse? Why not stay in the world of abstractions and fantasy?”

PhilosophyPoliticsConservativeIntellectuals
Book:Intellectual Morons: How Ideology Makes Smart People Fall for Stupid Ideas
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“The second most dangerous thing about money is that it leaves most of the people who have a lot of it with the unshakable belief that they are intelligent and well informed. The most dangerous thing about it is that it leaves most of the people who do not have a lot of money with the very same belief.”

WisdomHumorQuotesSpiritualityBeliefWealthPoorMoneyPovertyRichWiseDangerousInformationDangerIgnoranceHumourDrinkIntellectualSmartQuoteIntelligenceIntellectRichesCleverIgnorantSatireMaterialismWealthyThought ProvokingAphorismCurrencyConsumerismQuotationsBeliefsAphorismsMake You ThinkMaterialisticSatiricalQuotationUnshakableProvoke ThoughtMade Me ThinkIntellectualsExchangeInformedMisbeliefInfoMisinformedMisbeliefsWell InformedMoniedMedium Of ExchangeMisinformUnshakable BeliefUnshakable Beliefs
Author:Mokokoma Mokhonoana
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“Notwithstanding the memories of slavery, and in the face poverty, ignorance, terrorism, and subjugation still deeply woven into their lives, the embittered past of blacks was taken onto a much higher plane of intellectual and artistic consideration during the Renaissance.”

PovertySlaveryTerrorismOppressionAfrican American AuthorsCreative GeniusIntellectualsAfrican LiteratureHarlem RenaissanceAfrican American MusicHarlem Renaissance HistoriansAfrican American ArtistsDemograghic ShiftsMoral Victories
Book:Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance
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“Respectable opinion would never consider an assessment of the Reagan Doctrine or earlier exercises in terms of their actual human costs, and could not comprehend that such an assessment—which would yield a monstrous toll if accurately conducted on a global scale—might perhaps be a proper task in the United States. At the same level of integrity, disciplined Soviet intellectuals are horrified over real or alleged American crimes, but perceive their own only as benevolent intent gone awry, or errors of an earlier day, now overcome; the comparison is inexact and unfair, since Soviet intellectuals can plead fear as an excuse for their services to state violence.”

FearUnited StatesViolenceHypocrisyNationalismSoviet UnionConsensusInternational LawWar CrimesIntellectualsAmerican ImperialismRonald ReaganState TerrorismReagan DoctrineState Sponsored Terrorism
Book:The Culture of Terrorism
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“Anyone who has read enough, explored enough and experienced enough, somewhere in his/ her life will realize that the life is repeating itself again and again and again. He/she will soon understand there is nothing new to discover, all quests of human life have been experience and discovered in the past and all we do to play the game over and over to gain a different result, like an idiot who watches movie several time and hope to see a different ending. In such age, people no to remain enthusiastic, they need to still be excited about the story, which they have heard more than millions of times. Hence, intellectuals and creators create new toys for them. The toys that practically has the same purpose and affect the same result, but ordinary human does not need to know that. They need to be interested to play, because if we stop, the world will stop, and then the age of nothingness will end. And we cannot let that happen can we?”

LifePlayLife LessonsLife QuotesHumanToysNothingnessNothingGameIntellectualsCreators
Author:kambiz shabankareh
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“Scientists and inventors of the USA (especially in the so-called "blue state" that voted overwhelmingly against Trump) have to think long and hard whether they want to continue research that will help their government remain the world's superpower. All the scientists who worked in and for Germany in the 1930s lived to regret that they directly helped a sociopath like Hitler harm millions of people. Let us not repeat the same mistakes over and over again.”

WarScienceSufferingFreedomHistoryTechnologyStrengthMadnessMurderMathematicsSlaveryKillingIllnessProsperityInsanityStatisticsManipulationFascismHolocaustEngineeringDictatorAtrocitiesIntellectualismHitlerIntellectualsWorld PowerMathsPsychopathySociopathySciencesDoomed To Repeat It
Author:Piero Scaruffi
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“My role-and that is too emphatic a word-is to show people that they arc much freer than they feel, that people accept as truth, as evidence, some themes which have been built up at a certain moment during history, and that this so-called evidence can be criticized and destroyed. To change something in the minds of people-that's the role of an intellectual.”

ChangeIntellectuals
Book:Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault
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“People who are not blessed with the ability to make others laugh compensate for that by saying (or trying to say) things that are profound.”

WisdomHumorAbleQuotesAbilityComedyWiseTalentHumourBlessingIntellectualIntelligentQuoteBlessedProfoundInsightIntellectGiftComicComedianSatireBlessInsightfulAphorismGiftedQuotationsBlessingsGiftsCompensationTalentsAphorismsComicsQuotationIntellectualsInsightsTalentedUntalentedComediansCompensateUnable
Author:Mokokoma Mokhonoana
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“We were singing for Dr. Du Bois' spirit, for the invaluable contributions he made, for his shining intellect and his courage. To many of us he was the first American Negro intellectual. We knew about Jack Johnson and Jesse Owens and Joe Louis. We were proud of Louis Armstrong and Marian Anderson and Roland Hayes. We memorized the verses of James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, Paul Laurence Dunbar and Countee Cullen, but they were athletes, musicians and poets, and White folks thought all those talents came naturally to Negroes. So, while we survived because of those contributors and their contributions, the powerful White world didn't stand in awe of them. Sadly, we also tended to take those brilliances for granted. But W.E.B. Du Bois and of course Paul Robeson were different, held on a higher or at least on a different plateau than the others.”

Role ModelsHeroesAfrican AmericansBlacksTalentsBrillianceIntellectualsW E B Du Bois
Book:All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes
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“Two classes of people make up the world: those who have found God, and those who are looking for Him - thirsting, hungering, seeking! And the great sinners came closer to Him than the proud intellectuals! Pride swells and inflates the ego; gross sinners are depressed, deflated and empty. They, therefore, have room for God. God prefers a loving sinner to a loveless 'saint'. Love can be trained; pride cannot. The man who thinks that he knows will rarely find truth; the man who knows he is a miserable, unhappy sinner, like the woman at the well, is closer to peace, joy and salvation than he knows.”

GodHumilityCatholicCatholicismSinnersIntellectuals
Book:Life of Christ
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“If mind is seen not as a threat but as a guide to emotion, if intellect is seen neither as a guarantee of character nor as an inevitable danger to it, if theory is conceived as something serviceable but not necessarily subordinate or inferior to practice, and if our democratic aspirations are defined in such realistic and defensible terms as to admit of excellence, all these supposed antagonisms lose their force.”

CharacterDemocracyIntellectualSentimentalityIntellectualismIntellectualsAnti Intellectualism
Book:Anti-Intellectualism in American Life
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“Richard Wright and his Negro intellectual colleagues never realized the plain truth that no one in the United States understood the revolutionary potential of the Negro better than the Negro's white radical allies. They understood it instinctively, and revolutionary theory had little to do with it. What Wright could not see was that what the Negro's allies feared most of all was that this sleeping, dream-walking black giant might wake up and direct the revolution all by himself, relegating his white allies to a humiliating second-class status. The negro's allies were not about to tell the Negro anything that might place him on the path to greater power and independence in the revolutionary movement than they themselves had. The rules of the power game meant that unless the American Negro taught himself the profound implications of his own revolutionary significance in America, it would never be taught to him by anybody else. Unless the Negro intellectuals understood that in pursuit of this self-understanding, they would have to make their own rules, by and for themselves, nationalism would forever remain--as it was for Wright-- "a bewildering and vexing question.”

CultureRaceClassSelf AwarenessIndependenceNationalismMarxismIndependent ThoughtSelf UnderstandingRace In AmericaIntellectualsBlack AmericansBlack IntellectualsCulture And Imperialism
Author:Harold Cruse
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“...the intellectual is a person who nurtures, preserves and propagates independent judgment, a person loyal exclusively to truth, a courageous and wrathful individual for whom no force of this world is too great or too frightening not to be subjected to scrutiny and called to account. ... A true intellectual, a genuine one, is always an outsider, …he is a person who lives in self-imposed exile on the margins of society.”

SocietyIndependenceAuthenticityFree ThoughtIntellectuals
Book:Belladonna
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“Ideally, the pursuit of truth is said to be at the heart of the intellectual's business, but this credits his business too much and not quite enough. As with the pursuit of happiness, the pursuit of truth is itself gratifying whereas consummation often turns out to be elusive. Truth captured loses its glamour; truths long known and widely believed have a way of turning false with time; easy truths are bore and too many of them become half truths. Whatever the intellectual is too certain of, if he is healthily playful, he begins to find unsatisfactory. The meaning of his intellectual life lies not in the possession of truth but in the quest for new uncertainties. Harold Rosenberg summed up this side of the life of the mind supremely well when he said that the intellectual is one who turns answers into questions.”

PlayTruthHappinessAnswersIntellectualUncertaintyQuestionsIntellectualismPlayfulnessIntellectualsPlayful
Book:Anti-Intellectualism in American Life
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“A professional headshot in front of a bookshelf says you're an intellectual. A professional headshot peeking though a bookshelf says you're probably under a restraining order.”

HumorBooksPhotographyIntellectualHumorousQuotePhotographerBrandingPersonal BrandingProfessionalismIntellectualismProfessionalPictureHumor QuotesIntellectualsPhotoFunny QuoteQuotableHumor QuotePeekingBookshelfPeekBusiness HumorHeadshotProfile PictureRestraining OrderProfile Pic
Author:Ryan Lilly
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“The sciences have two extremities which meet. The first is the ignorance in which men find themselves at birth. The second is that attained by great souls. They have surveyed whatever man can know, find that they know all, meet in that same ignorance whence they started. It is a clever ignorance, which knows itself. Those among them who, having emerged from the first ignorance, have been unable to achieve the other & have some smattering of this self-satisfied knowledge, pose as experts. The latter do not disturb people, are no more mistaken in their judgments on everything than others. The masses, the skilled, make up the retinue of a nation. The others, who respect it, are equally respected by it.”

ScienceHumilityHubrisScientistsIntellectuals
Book:Maldoror and the Complete Works
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“He thought of Dr. Stein again. What was Stein’s favorite line? “Understanding is a delaying tactic.” Stein used to get angry about that. When the graduate students would intellectualize, going on and on about patients and their problems, he would interrupt in annoyance, “Who cares? Who cares whether we understand the psychodynamics in this case? Do you want to understand how to swim, or do you want to jump in and start swimming? Only people who are afraid of the water want to understand it. Other people jump in and get wet.”

ActionIntellectualsIvory Tower
Book:Sphere
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“A fundamental approach to life transformation is using social media for therapy; it forces you to have an opinion, provides intellectual stimulation, increases awareness, boosts self-confidence, and offers the possibility of hope.”

ImportantPhilosophyTruthHopeForceSocialOpinionPsychologyAwarenessPossibilityCommunicationConfidenceInternetIntellectualImportanceIntelligentPersonal GrowthSocial MediaIntellectLifestyleSelf RealizationPsychologicalTherapyHopefulNew WaysPossibilitiesSelf DevelopmentHope QuotesSocial ChangeTacticsYoutubeSocial NetworkingTwitterFacebookDigital MarketingConfidence QuotesStimulationSelf Realization QuotesDigital AgeSocial Media MarketingPersonal Growth QuotesGermany Kent QuotesInteractiveIntelligence QuoteGermany KentNetiquetteThe Hope GuruAwareness QuotesHope GuruGermany Kent QuoteHope For Each DaySocial Media AudiencesConfidence BuildingConfidence And AttitudeInternet EtiquetteHopeful QuotesEffectiveIntellectualsSocial Media AdviceSocial GoodStrategic ThinkingSocial BehaviorStrategiesInternet MannersNew Ways Of ThinkingAwareness And AttitudeAwareness Of LifeInternet MarketingInternet AddictionPinterestYou Are What You TweetSocial Media MindYoutube PersonalityDigital CitizensNew Way Of LifeIntelligence QuotationsThinking Outside Of The BoxSocial Networking SitesDigital CitizenshipDigital FootprintReverse PsychologyIncreasesSocial SellingCollaborativeConfidence BoostPersonal Growth QuoteNew WayTherapy TruthStrategies That WorkInternet And Social MediaNetiquette WordsNon TraditionalSocial Media 101New Way Of ThinkingSocial Networking AccountsSocial Networking VirtualYoutube ViewsBe SocialBoostsGo SocialAwareness Of The ProblemHope And EncouragingSocial Networking SiteSocial Networking SupportStrategies QuoteYoutube Users
Author:Germany Kent
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“With school turning out more runners, jumpers, racers, tinkerers, grabbers, snatchers, fliers, and swimmers instead of examiners, critics, knowers, and imaginative creators, the word 'intellectual,' of course, became the swear word it deserved to be. You always dread the unfamiliar. Surely you remember the boy in your own school class who was exceptionally ‘bright,’ did most of the reciting and answering while the others sat like so many leaden idols, hating him. And wasn’t it this bright boy you selected for beatings and tortures after hours? Of course it was. We must all be alike. Not everyone born free and equal, as the Constitution says, but everyone made equal. Each man the image of every other; then all are happy, for there are no mountains to make them cower, to judge themselves against. So! A book is a loaded gun in the house next door. Burn it. Take the shot from the weapon. Breach man's mind. Who knows who might be the target of the well-read man? Me? I won't stomach them for a minute.”

ThinkingBooksCriticsIntelligenceThoughtCensorshipCritical ThinkingIntellectualsBook Burning
Book:Fahrenheit 451
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“…perhaps, he reflected now, he’d been trying to atone somehow for what had happened at the hui, to prove to himself that he was not just yet another Marxist intellectual cliché, not just yet another armchair critic with soft hands and smug opinions, who theorised about the working class while never having done a day of drudge work in his life. Tony was very proud to be well read, and had often railed against the defensive anti-intellectualism that defined his country’s culture, but he had nevertheless recognised in himself, at times, a deep desire to perform a kind of excessive rugged practicality in compensation for his bookishness, submitting himself to physical privations, testing his strength and his endurance well beyond what was called for, and devising circuitous home-made solutions to problems that could be solved much more easily, and often more cheaply, by paying someone else to fix them. It hadn’t been until he’d gone abroad that he’d been able to identify this trait as itself peculiarly Kiwi, reflecting a broader attitude held among his countrymen that to do a thing with effort was always more respectable than to have it done with ease; inconvenience, in New Zealand, tended to be treated as a test of character, such that it was a point of national pride to be able to withstand discomfort or poor service without giving in to the temptation to complain.”

EffortCriticismWorking ClassMarxismIntellectualismIntellectualsRuggednessBookishnessKiwisNew Zealanders
Book:Birnam Wood
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“I was utterly convinced that an intellectual could never be anything but an intellectual, was simply not capable of being anything else, that his intellectuality would, sooner or later, erode his faith or erode whatever he'd masked it with . . . For example, intellectuals like to dress themselves up as peasants . . . but it never works. The intellectual's constitution is impervious to such things - it permits only one object of worship - oneself. Generally speaking, an intellectual in the contemporary version is an exceptionally resourceful and, essentially, pitiful being.”

FaithPretenseIntellectualismIntellectualsPosturing
Book:Partings
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“The latent conflict between the intellectual and the economic upper class is nowhere openly engaged as yet, least of all by the artists, who, with their less developed social consciousness, react more slowly than their humanistic masters. But the problem, even if it is un-admitted and unexpressed is present all the time and in all places, and the whole intelligenstsia, both literary and artistic, is threatened by the danger of developing either into an uprooted, "unbourgeois", and envious class of bohemians or into a conservative, passive cringing class of academics. The humanists escape from from this alternative into their ivory tower, and finally succumb to both the dangers which they had intended to avoid.”

ConflictArtistsEscapismBourgeoisieIntellectualsIvory TowerUprooted
Book:The Social History of Art: Volume 2: Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque
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“To the white man the elephant had long meant merely ivory, and to the black man it always meant merely meat — the most abundant quantity of meat that a lucky hit with the assagai could procure for him. The idea of the 'beauty' of the elephant, of the 'nobility' of the elephant, was the idea of a man who had had enough to eat, a man of restaurants and of two meals a day and of museums of abstract art — an idea typical of a decadent society that takes refuge in abstractions from the ugly social realities it is incapable of facing, and makes itself drunk on vague and twilight notions of the beautiful, of the noble, of the fraternal, simply because the purely poetic attitude is the only one which history allows it to adopt. Bourgeois intellectuals insisted that a society on the march and in full spate should encumber itself with elephants simply because in that way they themselves hoped to escape destruction. They knew that they were just as anachronistic and cumbersome as these prehistoric animals; it was just a way of claiming mercy for themselves, of asking to be spared. Morel was typical of them. But to human beings in Africa, the elephant’s only beauty was the weight of his meat, and as for human dignity, that was first and foremost a full belly. Perhaps, when the African does have his belly full, perhaps then he too will take an interest in the beauty of the elephant and will in general give himself up to agreeable meditations on the splendors of nature. For the moment, nature spoke to him of splitting the elephant’s belly open and plunging his teeth into it and eating, eating till he dropped, because he did not know where the next morsel would come from.”

Truth Of LifeAfrican Philosophy QuotesIntellectualsWesternizationPoetic NarrativeWestern Ideals
Book:The Roots of Heaven
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“Another way, and this applies to all the areas covered under this section, is by practicing what I call intellectual boycotting, which I simply define as: boycotting any intellectual or writer canonized and imposed on us through Western academic institutions, media, or any other institution with money and power. Note that this doesn’t mean not to read them, but rather, to read and cite them (if necessary) with caution, and preferably with the intent of debunking or exposing their silences and blind spots rather than using them as a compass to evaluate other forms of knowledge.”

KnowledgeResistanceImperialismAcademiaHegemonyIntellectualsAcademicsDecolonialityKnowledge ProductionBoycotting
Author:Louis Yako
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“I personally believe (and I know many readers will find this controversial) that we should never engage with any writers or scholars whose work is intentionally Euro-American centered and purposely ignores or refuses to engage with knowledge produced by thinkers outside the West. In other words, in knowledge production, reciprocate treatment (whether in engagement or citation) can be effective in challenging and changing the rules of the game.”

ImperialismAcademiaHegemonyIntellectualsAcademicsDecolonialityKnowledge ProductionLife Of The MindSubalternBoycotting
Author:Louis Yako
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“Today (The Sonnet) Today, we ain't no partisan poophead. Today, we are just plain human. Today, we ain't no intellectual ding-dong. Today, we are just plain human. Today, we ain't no ideological blockhead. Today, we are just plain human. Today, we ain't no religious hard case. Today, we are just plain human. Today, we ain't slaves to class 'n luxury. Today, we are just plain human. Today, we ain't no vermin after self-care. Today, we are just plain human. I know very well, that day is not today. So, let us start the work right this very day.”

HumanitarianService Of HumanityAltruismSocial ResponsibilitySocial WorkSelfless ServiceHumanist PoetryPoems On LifeIntellectuals
Book:Honor He Wrote: 100 Sonnets For Humans Not Vegetables
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“And I wonder, therefore, how James Atlas can have been so indulgent in his recent essay ‘The Changing World of New York Intellectuals.’ This rather shallow piece appeared in the New York Times magazine, and took us over the usual jumps. Gone are the days of Partisan Review, Delmore Schwartz, Dwight MacDonald etc etc. No longer the tempest of debate over Trotsky, The Waste Land, Orwell, blah, blah. Today the assimilation of the Jewish American, the rise of rents in midtown Manhattan, the erosion of Village life, yawn, yawn. The drift to the right, the rediscovery of patriotism, the gruesome maturity of the once iconoclastic Norman Podhoretz, okay, okay! I have one question which Atlas in his much-ballyhooed article did not even discuss. The old gang may have had regrettable flirtations. Their political compromises, endlessly reviewed, may have exhibited naivety or self-regard. But much of that record is still educative, and the argument did take place under real pressure from anti-semitic and authoritarian enemies. Today, the alleged ‘neo-conservative’ movement around Jeane Kirkpatrick, Commentary and the New Criterion can be found in unforced alliance with openly obscurantist, fundamentalist and above all anti-intellectual forces. In the old days, there would at least have been a debate on the proprieties of such a united front, with many fine distinctions made and brave attitudes struck. As I write, nearness to power seems the only excuse, and the subject is changed as soon it is raised. I wait for the agonised, self-justifying neo-conservative essay about necessary and contingent alliances. Do I linger in vain?”

PowerNew YorkDebateCommunismPatriotismFundamentalismCold WarManhattanNew York TimesAuthoritarianismAmericansAnti SemitismJewsGeorge OrwellIntellectualsAnti IntellectualismObscurantismLeon TrotskyRight Wing PoliticsTs EliotCommentary MagazineDelmore SchwartzDwight MacdonaldJames AtlasJeane KirkpatrickNeoconservativismNew CriterionNorman PodhoretzPartisan Review
Book:Prepared for the Worst: Selected Essays and Minority Reports
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“I grew up in an atmosphere tinged with militarism, and afterwards I spent five boring years within the sound of bugles. To this day it gives me a faint feeling of sacrilege not to stand to attention during ‘God save the King’. That is childish, of course, but I would sooner have had that kind of upbringing than be like the left-wing intellectuals who are so ‘enlightened’ that they cannot understand the most ordinary emotions.”

PatriotismLeft WingIntellectualsIntelligentsia
Author:George Orwell
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“Over the years I have had much occasion to ponder this word, the intelligentsia. We are all very fond of including ourselves in it—but you see not all of us belong. In the Soviet Union this word has acquired a completely distorted meaning. They began to classify among the intelligentsia all those who don't work (and are afraid to) with their hands. All the Party, government, military, and trade union bureaucrats have been included. All bookkeepers and accountants—the mechanical slaves of Debit. All office employees. And with even greater ease we include here all teachers (even those who are no more than talking textbooks and have neither independent knowledge nor an independent view of education). All physicians, including those capable only of making doodles on the patients' case histories. And without the slightest hesitation all those who are only in the vicinity of editorial offices, publishing houses, cinema studios, and philharmonic orchestras are included here, not even to mention those who actually get published, make films, or pull a fiddle bow. And yet the truth is that not one of these criteria permits a person to be classified in the intelligentsia. If we do not want to lose this concept, we must not devalue it. The intellectual is not defined by professional pursuit and type of occupation. Nor are good upbringing and good family enough in themselves to produce and intellectual. An intellectual is a person whose interests in and preoccupation with the spiritual side of life are insistent and constant and not forced by external circumstances, even flying in the face of them. An intellectual is a person whose thought is nonimitative.”

PropagandaOccupationSoviet UnionDefinitionIntellectuals1974IntelligentsiaTrusties
Book:The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, Books III-IV
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