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“In the history of philosophy, the term “rationalism” has two distinct meanings. In one sense, it signifies an unbreached commitment to reasoned thought in contrast to any irrationalist rejection of the mind. In this sense, Aristotle and Ayn Rand are preeminent rationalists, opposed to any form of unreason, including faith. In a narrower sense, however, rationalism contrasts with empiricism as regards the false dichotomy between commitment to so-called “pure” reason (i.e., reason detached from perceptual reality) and an exclusive reliance on sense experience (i.e., observation without inference therefrom). Rationalism, in this sense, is a commitment to reason construed as logical deduction from non-observational starting points, and a distrust of sense experience (e.g., the method of Descartes). Empiricism, according to this mistaken dichotomy, is a belief that sense experience provides factual knowledge, but any inference beyond observation is a mere manipulation of words or verbal symbols (e.g., the approach of Hume). Both Aristotle and Ayn Rand reject such a false dichotomy between reason and sense experience; neither are rationalists in this narrow sense. Theology is the purest expression of rationalism in the sense of proceeding by logical deduction from premises ungrounded in observable fact—deduction without reference to reality. The so-called “thinking” involved here is purely formal, observationally baseless, devoid of facts, cut off from reality. Thomas Aquinas, for example, was history’s foremost expert regarding the field of “angelology.” No one could match his “knowledge” of angels, and he devoted far more of his massive Summa Theologica to them than to physics.”

PhilosophyFactsRealityHistoryLogicExperiencePhysicsTheologyFactRationalismEmpiricismAristotleHumeAyn RandDavid HumeFalse DichotomyAngelologyLogical DeductionSumma Theologica
Author:Andrew Bernstein
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“Even if you magnified a human brain to the size of a house and walked through it and inspected every part of it and all of the different ways in which it functions, you would never empirically encounter mind, thought, the unconscious, consciousness, subjectivity, free will. Empiricism doesn’t prove shit. It’s total anti-knowledge. It relies on induction and inference, but, as Hume showed, induction doesn’t prove anything (a black swan can pop up at any time), and inference has no place in empiricism: if you can’t perceive it, you have no right, in empiricism, to refer to it”

MindMatterScienceConsciousnessMaterialismIdealismEmpiricismHumeLeibniz
Author:David Sinclair
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“Hume, Huxley, and other "immanent " psychologists, tried to identify the conception with a mere generalisation, so making no distinction between logical and psychological thought. In doing this they ignored the power of making judgments. In every judgment there is an act of verification or of contradiction, an approval or rejection, and the standard for these judgments, the idea of truth, must be something external to that on what it is acting. If there are nothing but perceptions, then all perceptions must have an equal validity, and there can be no standard by which to form a real world. Empiricism in this fashion really destroys the reality of experience, and what is called positivism is no more than nihilism. The idea of a standard of truth, the idea of truth, cannot lie in experience. In every judgment this idea of the existence of truth is implicit. The claim to real knowledge depends on this capacity to judge, involves the conception of the possibility of truth in the judgment.”

SelfKnowledgeWillEmpiricismHume
Book:Sex and Character: An Investigation of Fundamental Principles
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“As a rule, theologians know nothing of this world, and far less of the next; but they have the power of stating the most absurd propositions with faces solemn as stupidity touched by fear. It is a part of their business to malign and vilify the Voltaires, Humes, Paines, Humboldts, Tyndalls, Haeckels, Darwins, Spencers, and Drapers, and to bow with uncovered heads before the murderers, adulterers, and persecutors of the world. They are, for the most part, engaged in poisoning the minds of the young, prejudicing children against science, teaching the astronomy and geology of the bible, and inducing all to desert the sublime standard of reason.”

WorldMindReasonFearKnowledgePowerPrejudiceStupidityAstronomyTheologyAbsurdPoisonAfterlifeSublimePropositionsTheologianGeologyDarwinHumePaineCharles DarwinMurderersVilifyVoltaireSpencerTheologiansDavid HumeThomas PaineHerbert SpencerAdulterersHaeckelPersecutorsAlexander Von HumboldtHumboldtAlexander HumboldtErnst HaeckelDraperJohn TyndallTyndallWilhelm HumboldtWilhelm Von HumboldtChildren ScienceJohn DraperJohn William Draper
Book:Some Mistakes of Moses
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“We hold these truths to be self-evident. {Franklin's edit to the assertion in Thomas Jefferson's original wording, 'We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable' in a draft of the Declaration of Independence changes it instead into an assertion of rationality. The scientific mind of Franklin drew on the scientific determinism of Isaac Newton and the analytic empiricism of David Hume and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. In what became known as 'Hume's Fork' the latters' theory distinguished between synthetic truths that describe matters of fact, and analytic truths that are self-evident by virtue of reason and definition.}”

ReasonScienceRightsRationalityNewtonDeclaration Of IndependenceDeterminismTruthsEmpiricismHumeThomas JeffersonIsaac NewtonLeibnizDavid HumeJeffersonGottfried LeibnizGottfried Wilhelm LeibnizAnalytic
Author:Benjamin Franklin
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“The late Mr. David Hume, in his posthumous works, places the powers of generation much above those of our boasted reason; and adds, that reason can only make a machine, as a clock or a ship, but the power of generation makes the maker of the machine; ... he concludes, that the world itself might have been generated, rather than created ; that is, it might have been gradually produced from very small beginnings, increasing by the activity of its inherent principles, rather than by a sudden evolution of the whole by the Almighty fiat.”

ReasonPhilosophyAtheismEvolutionNaturalismGenerationHumeDavid HumeAlmighty Fiat
Author:Erasmus Darwin
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“It is therefore important to discover whether there is any answer to Hume within the framework of a philosophy that is wholly or mainly empirical. If not, there is no intellectual difference between sanity and insanity. The lunatic who believes that he is a poached egg is to be condemned solely on the ground that he is in a minority, or rather — since we must not assume democracy — on the ground that the government does not agree with him. This is a desperate point of view, and it must be hoped that there is some way of escaping from it.”

PhilosophyHumeBertrand RusselPoached Egg
Book:A History of Western Philosophy
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“Questions and debates related to the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, starting with Galileo, Descartes, Newton, Boyle, and culminating with Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, although we can go back to Democritus and his conventions, arise not only from these qualities per se but also from the lack of clear and precise definitions of these terms, including the terms “sensibles” (“sensible qualities”) and “proper and common sensibles.” For the philosophers of old, since Aristotle, proper sensibles were the same as secondary qualities for the philosophers since Locke. Common sensibles would be primary qualities based on Locke’s classification. The main distinction shall be sought between the essence of the Being as a singularity, in its ultimate mode, and its manifestation, appearance, in and through plurality. We can further postulate that there is a distinction between the essence of singularity and its appearance or manifestation in (through) plurality. The next question is whether Plurality saves the essence of singularity. Although singularity is saved even in plurality, this essence hides beyond appearance, and the senses cannot experience it. The senses experience only the appearance of plurality, not its essence as a singularity.”

Dejan StojanovicAbsoluteNewtonBerkeleyHumeDescartesGalileoJohn LockeBoyle
Book:ABSOLUTE
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“The first-cause and prime-mover argument, brilliantly proffered by St. Thomas Aquinas in the fourteenth century (and brilliantly refuted by David Hume in the eighteenth century), is easily turned aside with just one more question: Who or what caused and moved God?”

ThinkingFirstsCausesCenturyArgumentMovedJust OnePrimeHumeSt Thomas
Book:Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time
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“Acts themselves alone are history, and these are neither the exclusive property of Hume, Gibbon nor Voltaire, Echard, Rapin, Plutarch, nor Herodotus. Tell me the Acts, O historian, and leave me to reason upon them as I please; away with your reasoning and your rubbish. All that is not action is not worth reading.”

ReasonActionReadingPleasePropertyReasoningHistorianLeaving MeExclusiveRubbishWorth ReadingHume
Book:Complete writings: with variant readings
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“The not-visibly-insane Democrats all claim they'll get rough with the terrorists, but they can't even face Brit Hume. In case you missed this profile in Democrat machismo, the Democratic presidential candidates are refusing to participate in a debate hosted by Fox News Channel because the hosts are "biased." But they'll face down Mahmoud Ahmadinejad! At this, even Hillary Clinton was thinking, "Come on, guys - let's grow a pair."”

ThinkingFacesGuyGrowsCasesNewsClaimsDemocraticClintonDemocratDebateTerroristInsanePresidentialCandidatesPairsRoughHostFoxesProfileBiasedFox NewsPresidential CandidateBritsMachismoHumeNews Channels
Author:Ann Coulter
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“When Hume and Adam Smith prophesied that a little increase of national debt beyond the then amount of it, would probably occasion bankruptcy; the main cause of their error was the natural one, of not being able to see the vast increase of productive power to which the nation would subsequently obtain.”

LittlesAbleNationsCausesNaturalAmountIncreaseErrorsDebtOccasionsProductiveAdamBankruptcyNational DebtHume
Book:An Essay on the Principle of Population, Or, a View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness: With an Inquiry Into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal Or Mitigation of the Evils which it Occasions
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“However inadequate our ideas of causal efficacy may be, we are less wide of the mark when we say that our ideas and feelings have it, than the Automatists are when they say they haven't it. As in the night all cats are gray, so in the darkness of metaphysical criticism all causes are obscure. But one has no right to pull the pall over the psychic half of the subject only . . . whilst in the same breath one dogmatizes about material causation as if Hume, Kant, and Lotze had never been born.”

IfsMayIdeasFeelingsNightCausesBornHalfDarknessSubjectsHavensMaterialsCatCriticismMarkBreathsWideGrayObscurePsychicsMetaphysicalInadequateEfficacyCausationHume
Book:The Principles of Psychology
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“Taste is not stationary. It grows every day, and is improved by cultivation, as a good temper is refined by religion. In its most advanced state it takes the title of judgment. Hume quotes Fontenelle's ingenious distinction between the common watch that tells the hours, and the delicately constructed one that marks the seconds and smallest differences of time.”

StatesGrowsHoursDifferencesCommonWatchesTasteJudgmentMarkTitlesDistinctionSecondsTemperSmallestRefinedIngeniousCultivationStationaryHume
Book:Pleasures of Literature
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“An atheist before Darwin could have said, following Hume: I have no explanation for complex biological design. All I know is that God isn't a good explanation, so we must wait and hope that somebody comes up with a better one. I can't help feeling that such a position, though logically sound, would have left one feeling pretty unsatisfied, and that although atheism might have been logically tenable before Darwin, Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.”

KnowsHas BeensMadeSaidI CanHelpingFeelingsMightLeftWaitingSoundAtheismDesignPositionComplexesAtheistCome UpFollowingPositive AtheismMade ItExplanationFulfilledMight Have BeenUnsatisfiedSelfish GeneHumeFeeling Pretty
Author:Richard Dawkins
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“In one of the most brilliant papers in the English language Hume made it clear that what we speak of as 'causality' is nothing more than the phenomenon of repetition. When we mix sulphur with saltpeter and charcoal we always get gunpowder. This is true of every event subsumed by a causal law in other words, everything which can be called scientific knowledge. "It is custom which rules ," Hume said, and in that one sentence undermined both science and philosophy .”

MadeSaidPhilosophyLawSpeakLanguageClearEventsPaperSentencesBrilliantMade ItPhenomenonCustomsRepetitionPapersEnglish LanguageScientific KnowledgeCausalityOne SentenceGunpowderCharcoalHumeScience And Philosophy
Author:Philip K. Dick
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“Jefferson, Madison and many others taught that complex laws and codes were sure signs of oppression. They agreed with Montesquieu, Lock and Hume and that laws must be simple....and indeed that the entire legal code must be simple enough that every citizen knows the entire law. If a person doesn't know the law....he shouldn't be held liable for breaking it or freedom is greatly reduced.”

IfsKnowsPersonsEnoughLawSimpleTaughtCitizensComplexesOppressionCodeLocksLiableMadisonHumeMontesquieu
Author:Oliver DeMille
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“Russell's prose has been compared by T.S. Eliot to that of David Hume's. I would rank it higher, for it had more color, juice, and humor. But to be lucid, exciting and profound in the main body of one's work is a combination of virtues given to few philosophers. Bertrand Russell has achieved immortality by his philosophical writings.”

WritingHas BeensBodyGivenVirtueColorHigherExcitingPhilosophicalProfoundPhilosopherCombinationImmortalityProseJuiceEliotHume
Book:Out of step: an unquiet life in the 20th century
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“I had no idea what philosophy was until I went to college at UBC. I first read Hume and Plato, so naturally I was under the misapprehension that philosophers are trying to figure out what is true, and that contemporary philosophers are mainly trying to figure out what is true about the mind. Of course Hume and Plato were trying to do that, hence my misapprehension.”

TryingMindFirstsIdeasPhilosophyCoursesFiguresCollegePhilosopherContemporaryNo IdeaPlatoHume
Author:Patricia Churchland
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“Moral theory develops from the divine command theory of medieval Christian philosophy, mixed up with a bit of ancient pagan virtue theory, to the purely secular moral sentiment and interpersonal reaction theories of Smith and Hume, to Kant's attempt to restore command theory but with something supersensible in the individual rather than God as the source of authority.”

PhilosophyChristianIndividualBitsMoralVirtueDivineTheorySourceAuthorityAncientReactionsCommandSentimentsSecularMedievalPaganInterpersonalHumeChristian Philosophy
Author:Catherine Wilson
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“If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.”

IfsDoeMatterReasonFactsHandsSchoolAsksNumbersExistenceIllusionMathematicsMathCommitInstanceMathematicalFlamesAbstractReasoningDivinityQuantityVolumeMetaphysicsMatter Of FactEnquirySophistryHume
Author:David Hume
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“Accordingly, France Had Voltaire, and his school of negative thinkers, and England (or rather Scotland) had the profoundest negative thinker on record, David Hume: a man, the peculiarities of whose mind qualified him to detect failure of proof, and want of logical consistency, at a depth which French skeptics, with their comparatively feeble powers of analysis and abstractions stop far short of, and which German subtlety alone could thoroughly appreciate, or hope to rival.”

MenWantMindSchoolReligiousRecordsNegativeAppreciateEnglandDepthProofFranceAnalysisLogicalThinkerConsistencyScotlandAbstractionRivalsQualifiedSkepticSubtletyHume
Book:Utilitarianism and On Liberty: Including 'Essay on Bentham' and Selections from the Writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Austin
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“No true geologist holds by the development hypothesis;-it has been resigned to sciolists and smatterers;-and there is but one other alternative. They began to be, through the miracle of creation. From the evidence furnished by these rocks we are shut down either to belief in miracle, or to something else infinitely harder of reception, and as thoroughly unsupported by testimony as it is contrary to experience. Hume is at length answered by the severe truths of the stony science.”

Has BeensTruthScienceBeliefRocksCreationDevelopmentEvidenceMiracleHarderContraryAlternativesLengthSevereTestimonyHypothesisReceptionResignedGeologistHume
Book:The Foot-prints of the Creator: Or, The Asterolepis of Stromness
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“"We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable" in a draft of the Declaration of Independence changes it instead into an assertion of rationality. The scientific mind of Franklin drew on the scientific determinism of Isaac Newton and the analytic empiricism of David Hume and Gottfried Leibniz. In what became known as "Hume's Fork" the latters' theory distinguished between synthetic truths that describe matters of fact, and analytic truths that are self-evident by virtue of reason and definition.”

MindSelfMatterReasonFactsKnownVirtueTheoryIndependenceSacredDefinitionsEvidentDeclarationRationalityDistinguishedNewtonAssertionMatter Of FactFranklinForksDeclaration Of IndependenceDeterminismAnalyticsIsaacSyntheticEmpiricismHume
Author:Benjamin Franklin
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